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PSYC121 & 122 > PSYC121 weeks 1-5 > Flashcards

PSYC121 weeks 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

What was Albert Bandura study about?

A

observational learning of agression (bobo-doll)

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2
Q

Define utilitarianism

A

Theory of mortality that advocates action that cause happiness & pleasure and oppose actions that cause unhappiness & harm

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3
Q

What theory did Jeremey Bentham believe

A

“Actions are morally right if they tend to promote happiness/ pleasure among all those affected

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4
Q

What theory did Gustave Le Bon create

A

Crowd theory - the crowd is a social unity with a mind of its own

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5
Q

Who did one of the earliest psychological experiment & what was it

A

Norman Triplett - saw that cyclists would ride faster when in the presents of other cyclists - social facilitation. Conducted the fishing reel experiment

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6
Q

Define social facilitations

A

Person’s preformance on a task can be influenced by the presents of others

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7
Q

Define conformity

A

Compliance with standards, rules or laws / behaviour accordance with socially acceptable conventions

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8
Q

Who did the line conformity experiment and what was he trying to find?

A

Soloman Asch - How pressure from a group can lead to comformity

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9
Q

Types of conformity (2)

A

Informational influence - More likely to conform if confederates show to be more competent
Normative influence: influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them

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10
Q

Define compliance and what type of conformity it is

A

Normative influence - conforming due to the concern about how others will perceive them

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11
Q

Define conversion & what type of conformity it is

A

Informative influence - Conforming due to belief that others are right

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12
Q

What were Hofstede’s cultural values (6)

A

Individualist/collectivistic
Masculine/feminine
Uncertainty, avoidance
Power, distance
Time, perspective
Indulgence, restraint

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13
Q

What is an attribution and the 2 types?

A

Are the causes that we see as responsible or things that happen in the world
Internal & External

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14
Q

Define correspondence bias

A

Tendency to believe others behaviours is caused by internal dispositions rather than situational constraints e.g. u see a person speeding you are going to assume they’re a reckless driver rather than they’re rushing to the hospital

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15
Q

Define self-serving bias

A

Tendency to believe our own positive outcomes are caused by internal stable causes and negative outcomes to external unstable factors
e.g. Take credit for our success and blame external factors for our failures

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16
Q

Who did the Standford Prison experiment

A

Philip Zimbardo

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17
Q

Depersonalisation - Zimbardo’s Study

A

Switch to group level self categorisation (think of yourself as prisoner or guard) - loss of personhood)

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18
Q

Define Deindividualisation (zimbardo’s study)

A

Loss of self awareness in groups (uniforms, numbers instead of names)

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19
Q

Define Cognitive dissonance

A

The discomfort a person feels when their behaviour does not align with their values or beliefs

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20
Q

Define authoritarian personality

A

People who have extreme respect for authority & likely to be obedient

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21
Q

What was Max Ringlemann’s findings?

A

Individuals feel less obligated to participate when in a group

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22
Q

What were Latane & Darley’s findings?

A

The presence of other inhibits people’s response in an emergency - more people = slower the reaction

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23
Q

Big 5 personality traits (O.C.E.A.N)

A

Extraversion
Agreeableness
Openness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism

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24
Q

Who discovered the Machiavellian Personality

A

Chritie & Geis

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25
Q

Characteristics of Machiavellian

A

Lack of interpersonal relationships
Lack of gross psychopathology
Low ‘ideological’ commitment

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26
Q

Types of Authoritarian & who found them

A

Bob Altemeyer
Authoritarian submission - People should do as they’re told by authorities
Authoritarian aggression - If people don’t do as they’re told they should be punished
Conventionalism - Have a preference for traditional in social relationships

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27
Q

What did Robert Rosenthal find?

A
  • Pygmalin effect
  • Found that if the leaders expectations of the followers = followers performance will increase
28
Q

What is the Golem effect?

A

Lower expectations placed upon individuals either by the supervisors or the individuals themselves lead to poorer performance by the individual

29
Q

Who did the obedience study?

A

Stanley milgram
- electric shock

30
Q

What experiment fuelled theory of cognitive dissonance

A

Leon Fistinger’s investigation on Dorothy Marten. She warned the world would end. On the day she said aliens would come, nothing happened. The findings contradicted her belief, YET most of her followers reaffirmed their belief.

31
Q

Define cognitive dissonance

A

Discomfort people feel when their behaviour doesn’t align with their values

32
Q

Who had the first theory about functionalism & what was it?

A

William James
- Mind is a functional tool that allows organisms to adapt to the environment

33
Q

What was Sigmund Freud’s theory ?

A

Psychoanalysis theory - That human behaviour is influenced by unconscious memories, childhood experiences & thoughts

34
Q

Who developed classic conditioning & define

A

Ivan Pavlov
- explains how people associate two stimuli in their minds and react to one of them as though it was the other
- e.g when a dog it trained, the trainerings can pair the sound of the clicker with food = sound of clicker will produce same repsonse as food

35
Q

Who did the little Albert experiment? & what was the findings

A

John. B. Watson
- He was able to condition Albert into being afraid of something he wasn’t previously afraid of

36
Q

B.F. Skinner discovered…

A

Importance of reinforcement & punishment in shaping behaviour

37
Q

define Introspection

A

When someone examines their own conscious/mental state

38
Q

Who discovered structuralism

A

Edward B. Titchener
- focused on the mental process rather than the function

39
Q

Define deterministic view

A

Outside factors determine psychological behaviour and are out of your control

40
Q

Define behaviourism

A

theory learning based on the idea that all behaviours are acquired through conditioning, and conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment

41
Q

Define social psychology

A

social interactions, including their origins and their effects on individuals and the world around us

42
Q

Define punitive socialisation

A

idea that being punished as a child leads to authoritarianism

43
Q

Define cognitive dissonance

A

A feeling of uncomfortable tension that comes from holding two conflicting thoughts at the same time

44
Q

4 common bioethical principles

A

respect for autonomy
beneficence
malefinance
justice

45
Q

Define emic

A

Refers to the perspective used to study or describe a culture or language from an insider’s point of view

46
Q

Define Etic

A

Refers to a perspective used to study or describe a culture or language from an outsider’s point of view.

47
Q

Define empiricism

A

Idea that all learning comes from only experiences & observations

48
Q

Soloman Asch main findings

A
  • 75% of people conformed at least once
  • In a group people are more likely to conform
  • Less conformity when gave answers privately
49
Q

Stanley Milgram main findings

A
  • 65% delivered the maximum shock
  • Under certain circumstances ordinary people will obey any orders
50
Q

Factors that caused less obedience in Milgram’s study

A
  • No experimenter - would administer fake shocks
    Proximity of authority impacts obedience
51
Q

Factors that caused less conformity in Asch’s study

A
  • If one other person gave the right answer
52
Q

Psychopathy is characterised by:

A
  • Emotional deficits
  • Inability to read emotions and empathise
  • More calloused
  • Tend to have a history of short unsatisfying relationships
  • Inability to control impulses.
53
Q

How to do psych summary statement

A

r (DF) = (r value, 2 d.p. no zero) , p = (p value, 3 d.p, no zero)

example: r (10) = .25, p = .345
(italicise r and p)

54
Q

What is a independent variable

A

Variable that changes to see how it effects another variable

55
Q

What is the dependent variable

A

Variable that is measured

56
Q

What is a confounding variable

A

Variables that may also impact on dependent variable which impacts our ability to put down changes to independent variable

57
Q

Sherif (1935) study

A

The Autokinetic Effect - conformity in unambiguous situations

58
Q

Condition A vs B in Sherifs study

A

Condition A = estimates alone for 3 days, estimates in groups day 4

Condition B = estimates in groups for 3 days, estimates alone day 4

59
Q

Conclusion in Sheriffs Trial

A

In ambiguous situations, individuals develop frames of reference for future comparisons. Frame of reference developed alone persists in groups, but may not be as stable. A frame of reference developed in a group persists when alone

60
Q

Independent and dependent variable in Asch experiment

A

Independent = being in a group vs alone
Dependent = agree with confederates or not

61
Q

Results of Asch study

A

Control group - 0.7% average error rate
Experimental group - 37% error rate
1 in 3 chance of conformity even though the confederates were obviously wrong.

62
Q

How did Asch prove informational influence

A

Conformity increased if there were more neutral trials at the start - gives participant more reason to trust that other people are good at what they’re doing

63
Q

How did Asch prove normative influence

A

increasing interdependence of participants by promising a reward to most accurate groups, conformity will increase.

64
Q

What affects conformity (4 things)

A

Competing context, Group membership, Consistency within the group, Group Size

65
Q

How did Asch show normative influence

A

public responses more likely to show conformity that private (shows normative influence)

66
Q

Group consistency influence on conformity

A

If one single confederate acts as a supporter, conformity dropped to 5.5%, even if the dissenting confederate was wrong (but disagreed with the majority) - only applicable in unambiguous situations

PSYC121 & 122 (13 decks)

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