PSYC121 weeks 1-5 Flashcards
What was Albert Bandura study about?
observational learning of agression (bobo-doll)
Define utilitarianism
Theory of mortality that advocates action that cause happiness & pleasure and oppose actions that cause unhappiness & harm
What theory did Jeremey Bentham believe
“Actions are morally right if they tend to promote happiness/ pleasure among all those affected
What theory did Gustave Le Bon create
Crowd theory - the crowd is a social unity with a mind of its own
Who did one of the earliest psychological experiment & what was it
Norman Triplett - saw that cyclists would ride faster when in the presents of other cyclists - social facilitation. Conducted the fishing reel experiment
Define social facilitations
Person’s preformance on a task can be influenced by the presents of others
Define conformity
Compliance with standards, rules or laws / behaviour accordance with socially acceptable conventions
Who did the line conformity experiment and what was he trying to find?
Soloman Asch - How pressure from a group can lead to comformity
Types of conformity (2)
Informational influence - More likely to conform if confederates show to be more competent
Normative influence: influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them
Define compliance and what type of conformity it is
Normative influence - conforming due to the concern about how others will perceive them
Define conversion & what type of conformity it is
Informative influence - Conforming due to belief that others are right
What were Hofstede’s cultural values (6)
Individualist/collectivistic
Masculine/feminine
Uncertainty, avoidance
Power, distance
Time, perspective
Indulgence, restraint
What is an attribution and the 2 types?
Are the causes that we see as responsible or things that happen in the world
Internal & External
Define correspondence bias
Tendency to believe others behaviours is caused by internal dispositions rather than situational constraints e.g. u see a person speeding you are going to assume they’re a reckless driver rather than they’re rushing to the hospital
Define self-serving bias
Tendency to believe our own positive outcomes are caused by internal stable causes and negative outcomes to external unstable factors
e.g. Take credit for our success and blame external factors for our failures
Who did the Standford Prison experiment
Philip Zimbardo
Depersonalisation - Zimbardo’s Study
Switch to group level self categorisation (think of yourself as prisoner or guard) - loss of personhood)
Define Deindividualisation (zimbardo’s study)
Loss of self awareness in groups (uniforms, numbers instead of names)
Define Cognitive dissonance
The discomfort a person feels when their behaviour does not align with their values or beliefs
Define authoritarian personality
People who have extreme respect for authority & likely to be obedient
What was Max Ringlemann’s findings?
Individuals feel less obligated to participate when in a group
What were Latane & Darley’s findings?
The presence of other inhibits people’s response in an emergency - more people = slower the reaction
Big 5 personality traits (O.C.E.A.N)
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Openness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Who discovered the Machiavellian Personality
Chritie & Geis
Characteristics of Machiavellian
Lack of interpersonal relationships
Lack of gross psychopathology
Low ‘ideological’ commitment
Types of Authoritarian & who found them
Bob Altemeyer
Authoritarian submission - People should do as they’re told by authorities
Authoritarian aggression - If people don’t do as they’re told they should be punished
Conventionalism - Have a preference for traditional in social relationships
What did Robert Rosenthal find?
- Pygmalin effect
- Found that if the leaders expectations of the followers = followers performance will increase
What is the Golem effect?
Lower expectations placed upon individuals either by the supervisors or the individuals themselves lead to poorer performance by the individual
Who did the obedience study?
Stanley milgram
- electric shock
What experiment fuelled theory of cognitive dissonance
Leon Fistinger’s investigation on Dorothy Marten. She warned the world would end. On the day she said aliens would come, nothing happened. The findings contradicted her belief, YET most of her followers reaffirmed their belief.
Define cognitive dissonance
Discomfort people feel when their behaviour doesn’t align with their values
Who had the first theory about functionalism & what was it?
William James
- Mind is a functional tool that allows organisms to adapt to the environment
What was Sigmund Freud’s theory ?
Psychoanalysis theory - That human behaviour is influenced by unconscious memories, childhood experiences & thoughts
Who developed classic conditioning & define
Ivan Pavlov
- explains how people associate two stimuli in their minds and react to one of them as though it was the other
- e.g when a dog it trained, the trainerings can pair the sound of the clicker with food = sound of clicker will produce same repsonse as food
Who did the little Albert experiment? & what was the findings
John. B. Watson
- He was able to condition Albert into being afraid of something he wasn’t previously afraid of
B.F. Skinner discovered…
Importance of reinforcement & punishment in shaping behaviour
define Introspection
When someone examines their own conscious/mental state
Who discovered structuralism
Edward B. Titchener
- focused on the mental process rather than the function
Define deterministic view
Outside factors determine psychological behaviour and are out of your control
Define behaviourism
theory learning based on the idea that all behaviours are acquired through conditioning, and conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment
Define social psychology
social interactions, including their origins and their effects on individuals and the world around us
Define punitive socialisation
idea that being punished as a child leads to authoritarianism
Define cognitive dissonance
A feeling of uncomfortable tension that comes from holding two conflicting thoughts at the same time
4 common bioethical principles
respect for autonomy
beneficence
malefinance
justice
Define emic
Refers to the perspective used to study or describe a culture or language from an insider’s point of view
Define Etic
Refers to a perspective used to study or describe a culture or language from an outsider’s point of view.
Define empiricism
Idea that all learning comes from only experiences & observations
Soloman Asch main findings
- 75% of people conformed at least once
- In a group people are more likely to conform
- Less conformity when gave answers privately
Stanley Milgram main findings
- 65% delivered the maximum shock
- Under certain circumstances ordinary people will obey any orders
Factors that caused less obedience in Milgram’s study
- No experimenter - would administer fake shocks
Proximity of authority impacts obedience
Factors that caused less conformity in Asch’s study
- If one other person gave the right answer
Psychopathy is characterised by:
- Emotional deficits
- Inability to read emotions and empathise
- More calloused
- Tend to have a history of short unsatisfying relationships
- Inability to control impulses.
How to do psych summary statement
r (DF) = (r value, 2 d.p. no zero) , p = (p value, 3 d.p, no zero)
example: r (10) = .25, p = .345
(italicise r and p)
What is a independent variable
Variable that changes to see how it effects another variable
What is the dependent variable
Variable that is measured
What is a confounding variable
Variables that may also impact on dependent variable which impacts our ability to put down changes to independent variable
Sherif (1935) study
The Autokinetic Effect - conformity in unambiguous situations
Condition A vs B in Sherifs study
Condition A = estimates alone for 3 days, estimates in groups day 4
Condition B = estimates in groups for 3 days, estimates alone day 4
Conclusion in Sheriffs Trial
In ambiguous situations, individuals develop frames of reference for future comparisons. Frame of reference developed alone persists in groups, but may not be as stable. A frame of reference developed in a group persists when alone
Independent and dependent variable in Asch experiment
Independent = being in a group vs alone
Dependent = agree with confederates or not
Results of Asch study
Control group - 0.7% average error rate
Experimental group - 37% error rate
1 in 3 chance of conformity even though the confederates were obviously wrong.
How did Asch prove informational influence
Conformity increased if there were more neutral trials at the start - gives participant more reason to trust that other people are good at what they’re doing
How did Asch prove normative influence
increasing interdependence of participants by promising a reward to most accurate groups, conformity will increase.
What affects conformity (4 things)
Competing context, Group membership, Consistency within the group, Group Size
How did Asch show normative influence
public responses more likely to show conformity that private (shows normative influence)
Group consistency influence on conformity
If one single confederate acts as a supporter, conformity dropped to 5.5%, even if the dissenting confederate was wrong (but disagreed with the majority) - only applicable in unambiguous situations
