PSYC Midterm 2 Flashcards
Anxiety
Mood state characterized by marked negative affect and bodily symptoms of tension in which a person apprehensively anticipates future danger or misfortune. Anxiety may involve feelings, behaviors, and physiological responses
Fear
Emotion of an immediate alarm reaction to present danger or life-threatening emergencies
Panic
sudden, overwhelming fright or terror
Panic attack
Abrupt experience of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by several physical symptoms, such as dizziness or heart palpitations
Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
Brain circuit in the limbic system that responds to threat signals by inhibiting activity and causing anxiety
Fight or flight system (FFS)
Brain circuit in animals that when stimulated causes an immediate alarm-and-escape response resembling human panic
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Anxiety disorder characterized by intense, uncontrollable, unfocused, chronic, and continuous worry that is distressing and unproductive, accompanied by physical symptoms of tenseness, irritability, and restlessness
Panic disorder (PD)
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks accompanied by concern about future attacks and/or a lifestyle change to avoid future attacks
Agoraphobia
Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult
Panic control treatment (PCT)
Cognitive-behavioral treatment for panic attacks, involving gradual exposure to fared somatic sensations and modification of perceptions and attitudes about them
Specific phobia
Unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with daily life functioning
Blood-injection-injury phobia
Unreasonable fear and avoidance of exposure to blood, injury, or the possibility of an injection. Victims experience fainting and a drop in blood pressure
Situational phobia
Anxiety involving enclosed places (for example claustrophobia) or public transportation (for example fear of flying)
Natural environment phobia
fear of situations or events in nature, especially heights, storms, and water
Animal phobia
Unreasonable, enduring fear of animals or insects that usually develops early in life
Separation anxiety disorder
Excessive, enduring fear in some children that harm will come to them or their parents while they are apart
Social anxiety disorder (SAD)
Extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations
Social phobia
Extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations (Same as SAD)
Selective mutism (SM)
A rare childhood disorder characterized by lack of speech in one or more settings in which speaking is socially expected
Trauma and stressor-related disorders
A group of mental disorders distinguished by their origin in stressful events (eg: traumatic experience, major life stressor, childhood neglect)
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Enduring, distressing emotional disorder that follows exposure to a severe helplessness-or fear-inducing threat. The victim reexperiences the trauma, avoids stimuli associated with it, and develops a numbing of responsiveness and an increased vigilance and arousal
Acute stress disorder
Severe reaction immediately following a terrifying event, often including amnesia about the event, emotional numbing, and derealization. Many victims later develop posttraumatic stress disorder
Adjustment disorders
clinically significant emotional and behavioral symptoms in response to one or more specific stressors
Attachment disorders
Developmentally inappropriate behaviors in which a child is unable or unwilling to form normal attachment relationships with caregiving adults
Reactive attachment disorder
Attachment disorder in which a child with disturbed behavior neither seeks out a caregiver nor responds to offers of help from one; fearfulness and sadness are often evident
Disinhibited social engagement disorder
Condition in which a child shows no inhibitions whatsoever in approaching adults
Obsessions
Recurrent intrusive thought or impulse the client seeks to suppress or neutralize while recognizing it is not imposed by outside forces
Compulsions
Repetitive, ritualistic, time-consuming behavior or mental act a person feels driven to perform
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
Somatoform disorder featuring a disruptive pre-occupation with some imagined defect in appearance (“imagined ugliness”)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Anxiety disorder involving unwanted, persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses, as well as repetitive actions intended to suppress them
Trichotillomania
People’s urge to pull out their own hair from anywhere on the body, including the scalp, eyebrows, and arm
Excoriation
Recurrent, difficult-to-control picking of one’s skin leading to significant impairment or distress
Mood disorders
one of a group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression
Major depressive episode
Most common and sever experience of depression, including feelings of worthlessness, disturbances in bodily activities such as sleep, loss of interest, and inability to experience pleasure, persisting at least 2 weeks
Mania
Period of abnormally excessive elation or euphoria associated with some mood disorders
Hypomanic episode
Less severe and less disruptive version of a manic episode that is one of the criteria for several mood disorders
mixed features
condition in which the individual experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time. Also known as dysphoric manic episode or mixed manic episode
Major depressive disorder
Mood disorder involving one (single episode) or more (separated by at least 2 months without depression, recurrent)
Recurrent
Repeatedly occurring
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
Mood disorder involving persistently depressed mood, with low self-esteem, withdrawal, pessimism, or despair, present for at least 2 years, with no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months
Double depression
Severe mood disorder typified by major depressive episodes superimposed over a background of dysthymic disorder
Integrated grief
Grief that evolves from acute grief into a condition in which the individual accepts the finality of death and adjusts to the loss
Complicated grief
Grief characterized by debilitating feelings of loss and emotions so painful that a person has trouble resuming a normal life; designated for further study as a disorder by DSM-5
premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
Clinically significant emotional problems that can occur during the premenstrual phase of the reproductive cycle of a woman
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Condition in which a child has chronic negative moods such as anger and irritability without any accompanying mania
Bipolar II Disorder
Alternation between major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes (not full manic episodes)
Bipolar I disorder
Alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes
Cyclothymic disorder
Chronic (at least 2 years) mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes
Neurophormes
Hormone that affects the brain and is increasingly the focus of study in psychopathology
Learned helplessness theory of depression
Martin Seligman’s theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they actually have control)
Depressive cognitive triad
Thinking errors by depressed people negatively focused in three areas themselves, their immediate world, and their future
Mood-stabilizing drug
A medication used in the treatment of mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorder, that is effective in preventing and treating pathological shifts in mood
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Biological treatment for severe, chronic depression involving the application of electrical impulses through the brain to produce seizures. The reasons for its effectiveness are unknown
Cognitive therapy
Treatment approach that involves identifying and altering negative thinking styles related to psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety and replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudes—and, ultimately, more adaptive behavior and coping styles
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
Brief treatment approach that emphasizes resolution of interpersonal problems and stressors, such as role disputes in marital conflict, forming relationships in marriage, or a new job. It has demonstrated effectiveness for such problems as depression
Maintenance treatment
Combination of continued psychosocial treatment, medication, or both designed to prevent relapse following therapy
Suicidal ideation
Serious thoughts about committing suicide
Suicidal plans
The formulation of specific method of killing oneself
Suicidal attempts
Effort made to kill oneself
Psychological autopsy
Postmortem psychological profile of a suicide victim constructed with people who knew the person before death
Schizophrenia
A devastating psychotic disorder that may involve characteristic disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behavior
Catatonia
A disorder of movement involving immobility or excited agitation
Hebephrenia
A silly and immature emotionality, a characteristic of some types of schizophrenia
Paranoia
People’s irrational beliefs that they are especially important (delusions of grandeur) or that other people are seeking to do them harm
Dementia praecox
The Latin term meaning premature loss of mind; an early label for what is now called schizophrenia, emphasizing the disorder’s frequent appearance during adolescence.
Associative splitting
A separation among basic functions of human personality (eg: cognition, emotion, and perception) seen by some as the defining characteristic of schizophrenia
Psychotic behavior
A severe psychological disorder category characterized by hallucinations and loss of contact with reality
Positive symptoms
A more overt symptom, such as a delusion or hallucination, displayed by some people with schizophrenia
Hallucination
A psychotic symptom of perceptual disturbance in which something is seen, heard, or otherwise sensed although it is not actually present
Delusion
A psychotic symptom involving disorder of thought content and presence of strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality
Negative symptoms
A less outgoing symptom, such as flat affect or poverty of speech, displayed by some people with schizophrenia
Avolition
An inability to initiate or persist in important activities. Also known as apathy
Alogia
A deficiency in the amount or content of speech, a disturbance often seen in people with schizophrenia
Anhedonia
An inability to experience pleasure, associated with some mood and schizophrenic disorders
Flat affect
An emotionless demeanor (including toneless speech and vacant gaze) when a reaction would be expected
Disorganized speech
A style of talking often seen in people with schizophrenia, involving incoherence and a lack of typical logic patterns
Inappropriate affect
An emotional display that is improper for the situation
Catatonic immobility
A disturbance of motor behavior in which the person remains motionless, sometimes in an awkward posture, for extended periods
Schizophreniform disorder
A psychotic disorder involving the symptoms of schizophrenia but lasting less than 6 months
Flat affect
An apparently emotionless demeanor (including toneless speech and vacant gaze) when a reaction would be expected
Schizoaffective disorder
A psychotic disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia and major mood disorder
Shared psychotic disorder (folie à deux)
A psychotic disturbance in which individuals develop a delusion similar to that of a person with who they share a close relationship
Substance-induced psychotic disorder
Psychosis caused by the ingestion of medications, psychoactive drugs, or toxins
Psychotic disorder associated with another medical condition
Condition that is characterized by hallucinations or delusions and that is the direct result of another physiological disorder, such as stroke or brain tumor
Brief psychotic disorder
A psychotic disturbance involving delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior but lasting less than 1 month; often occurs in reaction to a stressor
Attenuated psychosis syndrome
Disorder involving the onset of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, which puts a person at high risk for schizophrenia; designated for further study by DSM-5
Prodromal stage
Period of 1 to 2 years before serious symptoms of schizophrenia occur but when less severe yet unusual behaviors start to appear
Schizophrenogenic mother
According to an obsolete, unsupported theory, a cold, dominating, and rejecting parent who was thought to cause schizophrenia in her offspring
Double bind communication
According to an obsolete, unsupported theory, the practice of transmitting conflicting messages that was thought to cause schizophrenia
Expressed emotion (EE)
Hostility, criticism, and over-involvement demonstrated by some families toward a family member with a psychological disorder. this can often contribute to the person’s relapse
Token economy
A social learning behavior modification system in which individuals earn items they exchange for desire rewards by displaying appropriate behaviors
Anhedonia
The inability to feel or seek pleasure or have “fun”
