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PSYC Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Anxiety

A

Mood state characterized by marked negative affect and bodily symptoms of tension in which a person apprehensively anticipates future danger or misfortune. Anxiety may involve feelings, behaviors, and physiological responses

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2
Q

Fear

A

Emotion of an immediate alarm reaction to present danger or life-threatening emergencies

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3
Q

Panic

A

sudden, overwhelming fright or terror

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4
Q

Panic attack

A

Abrupt experience of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by several physical symptoms, such as dizziness or heart palpitations

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5
Q

Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

A

Brain circuit in the limbic system that responds to threat signals by inhibiting activity and causing anxiety

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6
Q

Fight or flight system (FFS)

A

Brain circuit in animals that when stimulated causes an immediate alarm-and-escape response resembling human panic

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7
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

Anxiety disorder characterized by intense, uncontrollable, unfocused, chronic, and continuous worry that is distressing and unproductive, accompanied by physical symptoms of tenseness, irritability, and restlessness

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8
Q

Panic disorder (PD)

A

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks accompanied by concern about future attacks and/or a lifestyle change to avoid future attacks

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9
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult

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10
Q

Panic control treatment (PCT)

A

Cognitive-behavioral treatment for panic attacks, involving gradual exposure to fared somatic sensations and modification of perceptions and attitudes about them

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11
Q

Specific phobia

A

Unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with daily life functioning

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12
Q

Blood-injection-injury phobia

A

Unreasonable fear and avoidance of exposure to blood, injury, or the possibility of an injection. Victims experience fainting and a drop in blood pressure

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13
Q

Situational phobia

A

Anxiety involving enclosed places (for example claustrophobia) or public transportation (for example fear of flying)

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14
Q

Natural environment phobia

A

fear of situations or events in nature, especially heights, storms, and water

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15
Q

Animal phobia

A

Unreasonable, enduring fear of animals or insects that usually develops early in life

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16
Q

Separation anxiety disorder

A

Excessive, enduring fear in some children that harm will come to them or their parents while they are apart

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17
Q

Social anxiety disorder (SAD)

A

Extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations

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18
Q

Social phobia

A

Extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations (Same as SAD)

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19
Q

Selective mutism (SM)

A

A rare childhood disorder characterized by lack of speech in one or more settings in which speaking is socially expected

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20
Q

Trauma and stressor-related disorders

A

A group of mental disorders distinguished by their origin in stressful events (eg: traumatic experience, major life stressor, childhood neglect)

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21
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder

A

Enduring, distressing emotional disorder that follows exposure to a severe helplessness-or fear-inducing threat. The victim reexperiences the trauma, avoids stimuli associated with it, and develops a numbing of responsiveness and an increased vigilance and arousal

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22
Q

Acute stress disorder

A

Severe reaction immediately following a terrifying event, often including amnesia about the event, emotional numbing, and derealization. Many victims later develop posttraumatic stress disorder

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23
Q

Adjustment disorders

A

clinically significant emotional and behavioral symptoms in response to one or more specific stressors

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24
Q

Attachment disorders

A

Developmentally inappropriate behaviors in which a child is unable or unwilling to form normal attachment relationships with caregiving adults

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25
Q

Reactive attachment disorder

A

Attachment disorder in which a child with disturbed behavior neither seeks out a caregiver nor responds to offers of help from one; fearfulness and sadness are often evident

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26
Q

Disinhibited social engagement disorder

A

Condition in which a child shows no inhibitions whatsoever in approaching adults

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27
Q

Obsessions

A

Recurrent intrusive thought or impulse the client seeks to suppress or neutralize while recognizing it is not imposed by outside forces

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28
Q

Compulsions

A

Repetitive, ritualistic, time-consuming behavior or mental act a person feels driven to perform

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29
Q

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)

A

Somatoform disorder featuring a disruptive pre-occupation with some imagined defect in appearance (“imagined ugliness”)

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30
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

Anxiety disorder involving unwanted, persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses, as well as repetitive actions intended to suppress them

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31
Q

Trichotillomania

A

People’s urge to pull out their own hair from anywhere on the body, including the scalp, eyebrows, and arm

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32
Q

Excoriation

A

Recurrent, difficult-to-control picking of one’s skin leading to significant impairment or distress

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33
Q

Mood disorders

A

one of a group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression

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34
Q

Major depressive episode

A

Most common and sever experience of depression, including feelings of worthlessness, disturbances in bodily activities such as sleep, loss of interest, and inability to experience pleasure, persisting at least 2 weeks

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35
Q

Mania

A

Period of abnormally excessive elation or euphoria associated with some mood disorders

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36
Q

Hypomanic episode

A

Less severe and less disruptive version of a manic episode that is one of the criteria for several mood disorders

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37
Q

mixed features

A

condition in which the individual experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time. Also known as dysphoric manic episode or mixed manic episode

38
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

Mood disorder involving one (single episode) or more (separated by at least 2 months without depression, recurrent)

39
Q

Recurrent

A

Repeatedly occurring

40
Q

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

A

Mood disorder involving persistently depressed mood, with low self-esteem, withdrawal, pessimism, or despair, present for at least 2 years, with no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months

41
Q

Double depression

A

Severe mood disorder typified by major depressive episodes superimposed over a background of dysthymic disorder

42
Q

Integrated grief

A

Grief that evolves from acute grief into a condition in which the individual accepts the finality of death and adjusts to the loss

43
Q

Complicated grief

A

Grief characterized by debilitating feelings of loss and emotions so painful that a person has trouble resuming a normal life; designated for further study as a disorder by DSM-5

44
Q

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

A

Clinically significant emotional problems that can occur during the premenstrual phase of the reproductive cycle of a woman

45
Q

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A

Condition in which a child has chronic negative moods such as anger and irritability without any accompanying mania

46
Q

Bipolar II Disorder

A

Alternation between major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes (not full manic episodes)

47
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A

Alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes

48
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

Chronic (at least 2 years) mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes

49
Q

Neurophormes

A

Hormone that affects the brain and is increasingly the focus of study in psychopathology

50
Q

Learned helplessness theory of depression

A

Martin Seligman’s theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they actually have control)

51
Q

Depressive cognitive triad

A

Thinking errors by depressed people negatively focused in three areas themselves, their immediate world, and their future

52
Q

Mood-stabilizing drug

A

A medication used in the treatment of mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorder, that is effective in preventing and treating pathological shifts in mood

53
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

Biological treatment for severe, chronic depression involving the application of electrical impulses through the brain to produce seizures. The reasons for its effectiveness are unknown

54
Q

Cognitive therapy

A

Treatment approach that involves identifying and altering negative thinking styles related to psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety and replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudes—and, ultimately, more adaptive behavior and coping styles

55
Q

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

A

Brief treatment approach that emphasizes resolution of interpersonal problems and stressors, such as role disputes in marital conflict, forming relationships in marriage, or a new job. It has demonstrated effectiveness for such problems as depression

56
Q

Maintenance treatment

A

Combination of continued psychosocial treatment, medication, or both designed to prevent relapse following therapy

57
Q

Suicidal ideation

A

Serious thoughts about committing suicide

58
Q

Suicidal plans

A

The formulation of specific method of killing oneself

59
Q

Suicidal attempts

A

Effort made to kill oneself

60
Q

Psychological autopsy

A

Postmortem psychological profile of a suicide victim constructed with people who knew the person before death

61
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A devastating psychotic disorder that may involve characteristic disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behavior

62
Q

Catatonia

A

A disorder of movement involving immobility or excited agitation

63
Q

Hebephrenia

A

A silly and immature emotionality, a characteristic of some types of schizophrenia

64
Q

Paranoia

A

People’s irrational beliefs that they are especially important (delusions of grandeur) or that other people are seeking to do them harm

65
Q

Dementia praecox

A

The Latin term meaning premature loss of mind; an early label for what is now called schizophrenia, emphasizing the disorder’s frequent appearance during adolescence.

66
Q

Associative splitting

A

A separation among basic functions of human personality (eg: cognition, emotion, and perception) seen by some as the defining characteristic of schizophrenia

67
Q

Psychotic behavior

A

A severe psychological disorder category characterized by hallucinations and loss of contact with reality

68
Q

Positive symptoms

A

A more overt symptom, such as a delusion or hallucination, displayed by some people with schizophrenia

69
Q

Hallucination

A

A psychotic symptom of perceptual disturbance in which something is seen, heard, or otherwise sensed although it is not actually present

70
Q

Delusion

A

A psychotic symptom involving disorder of thought content and presence of strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality

71
Q

Negative symptoms

A

A less outgoing symptom, such as flat affect or poverty of speech, displayed by some people with schizophrenia

72
Q

Avolition

A

An inability to initiate or persist in important activities. Also known as apathy

73
Q

Alogia

A

A deficiency in the amount or content of speech, a disturbance often seen in people with schizophrenia

74
Q

Anhedonia

A

An inability to experience pleasure, associated with some mood and schizophrenic disorders

75
Q

Flat affect

A

An emotionless demeanor (including toneless speech and vacant gaze) when a reaction would be expected

76
Q

Disorganized speech

A

A style of talking often seen in people with schizophrenia, involving incoherence and a lack of typical logic patterns

77
Q

Inappropriate affect

A

An emotional display that is improper for the situation

78
Q

Catatonic immobility

A

A disturbance of motor behavior in which the person remains motionless, sometimes in an awkward posture, for extended periods

79
Q

Schizophreniform disorder

A

A psychotic disorder involving the symptoms of schizophrenia but lasting less than 6 months

80
Q

Flat affect

A

An apparently emotionless demeanor (including toneless speech and vacant gaze) when a reaction would be expected

81
Q

Schizoaffective disorder

A

A psychotic disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia and major mood disorder

82
Q

Shared psychotic disorder (folie à deux)

A

A psychotic disturbance in which individuals develop a delusion similar to that of a person with who they share a close relationship

83
Q

Substance-induced psychotic disorder

A

Psychosis caused by the ingestion of medications, psychoactive drugs, or toxins

84
Q

Psychotic disorder associated with another medical condition

A

Condition that is characterized by hallucinations or delusions and that is the direct result of another physiological disorder, such as stroke or brain tumor

85
Q

Brief psychotic disorder

A

A psychotic disturbance involving delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech or behavior but lasting less than 1 month; often occurs in reaction to a stressor

86
Q

Attenuated psychosis syndrome

A

Disorder involving the onset of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, which puts a person at high risk for schizophrenia; designated for further study by DSM-5

87
Q

Prodromal stage

A

Period of 1 to 2 years before serious symptoms of schizophrenia occur but when less severe yet unusual behaviors start to appear

88
Q

Schizophrenogenic mother

A

According to an obsolete, unsupported theory, a cold, dominating, and rejecting parent who was thought to cause schizophrenia in her offspring

89
Q

Double bind communication

A

According to an obsolete, unsupported theory, the practice of transmitting conflicting messages that was thought to cause schizophrenia

90
Q

Expressed emotion (EE)

A

Hostility, criticism, and over-involvement demonstrated by some families toward a family member with a psychological disorder. this can often contribute to the person’s relapse

91
Q

Token economy

A

A social learning behavior modification system in which individuals earn items they exchange for desire rewards by displaying appropriate behaviors

92
Q

Anhedonia

A

The inability to feel or seek pleasure or have “fun”

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