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PSYC 102 Exam 5/22 Flashcards

1
Q

Akinetopsia

A

Blindness to motion

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2
Q

Attentional capture

A

Motion attracts attention to the moving object

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3
Q

How do we perceive things more rapidly and accurately? (related to movement)

A

Movement of objects or the observer’s movement through objects assists in perceiving things more rapidly and accurately because you are getting more information about the object

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4
Q

What are he two types of motion

A

Real motion and illusory motion

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5
Q

Real motion

A

An object is physically moving

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of illusory motion

A

Apparent movement, Induced motion, motion aftereffect

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7
Q

Apparent movement

A

Stationary stimuli are presented in different locations and it looks like movement, used in movies and TV

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8
Q

Induced motion

A

Movement of one object results in the perception of movement in another object. Eg: Moon and clouds. When the clouds drift it looks like the moon is moving

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9
Q

Motion aftereffect

A

When a stationary object or scene appears to move in the opposite direction after prolonged exposure to motion in one direction, eg: waterfall looks like it is flowing backwards even though it isn’t

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10
Q

The are of the brain utilized for real AND apparent motion is…

A

The same brain mechanism in the visual cortex

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11
Q

Movement creates an image that…

A

moves on the observer’s retina

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12
Q

Ecological approach to motor perception

A

Information is directly available in the environment for perception

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13
Q

Optic array

A

Structure created by surfaces, textures, and contours, which change as the observer moves through the environment

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14
Q

Global optic flow

A

Overall movement of optic array; Indicates that observer is moving and not the environment

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15
Q

Reichardt detectors

A

Neurons that fire to movement in one direction; Receptors of particular movement (light response) will activate and go to the final location, end of circuit

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16
Q

Corollary Discharge theory

A

Movement perception depends on 3 signals; Image displacement signal (IDS), Motor signal (MS), and Corollary Discharge Signal (CDS)

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17
Q

Image Displacement Signal (IDS)

A

Movement of image stimulating receptors across the retina (Eye is stationary, stimulus is moving)

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18
Q

Motor signal (MS)

A

Signal sent to eyes to move eye muscles

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19
Q

Corollary discharge signal (CDS)

A

Signal split from motor signal (carbon copy sent elsewhere)(Eye follows moving stimulus)

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20
Q

Movement is perceived when comparator receives input from…

A

Corollary discharge signal OR Image displacement signal

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21
Q

Movement is NOT perceived when comparator receives input from…

A

BOTH CDS and IDS

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22
Q

Real movement neurons in monkeys respond only when…

A

a stimulus physically moves not when eyes move

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23
Q

Motion perception (direction) in the brain happens in….

A

Medial temporal (MT) neurons; Respond to a specific direction when activated

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24
Q

The firing and coherence experiment by Newsome et al on monkeys

A

As coherence of dot movement increased (dots in the same direction) the firing of the MT neurons increased and so did judgement of movement accuracy

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25
Q

Aperture problem

A

Observation of a small portion of a larger stimulus leads to misleading information about direction of movement

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26
Q

Complex cortical cells respond preferentially to an oriented bar moving in a specific direction

A

Activity of a single complex cell does not provide accurate information about direction of movement

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27
Q

To solve the aperture problem

A

Responses of V1 neurons are pooled

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28
Q

Neurons in the striate cortex respond to movement of…

A

ends of objects

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29
Q

Biological movement

A

movement of a person or other living organism

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30
Q

Point light walker stimulus

A

Biological motion replicated by points of light in specific places (usually joints) on a person; structure-from-motion

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31
Q

Which parts of the brain are more active when perceiving biological motion

A

Superior temporal sulcus (STS) and Fusiform face area (FFA)

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32
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

Applied to STS to detect biological motion better in a scramble of dots

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33
Q

Representational momentum

A

Motion responses to still pictures (Implied motion pictures); observers show that the implied motion is carried out in the observers mind

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34
Q

Implied motion

A

Still pictures that depict and action that involves motion

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35
Q

Areas of the brain responsible for motion fire in response to pictures of implied motion are…

A

MT and MST

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36
Q

Movement creates perceptual information

A

Optic flow to get more information about surroundings and elicit appropriate response

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37
Q

optic flow

A

appearance of objects as the observer moves past them

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38
Q

Gradient of flow

A

difference in flow as a function of distance from the observer (information from surroundings)

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39
Q

Focus of expansion

A

Point in distance where there is no flow (stays static)

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40
Q

Invariant information

A

Properties that remain constant while the observer is moving (usually in the focus of expansin)

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41
Q

Self produced information

A

Flow is created by movement of the observer; movement creates flow and flow provides information to further guide movement

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42
Q

Summersault (self produced information)

A

It is the same with and without vision BUT expert gymnasts use vision to correct their trajectory so they perform better with their eyes open, novice gymnasts do better with their eyes closed

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43
Q

The senses do not work in isolation

A

Vision is important for balance; with lack of vision other senses come into play to adjust the body (swinging room experiment)

44
Q

Swinging room experiment

A

Movement of walls creates optic flow and makes children AND adults sway bac and forth, losing balance. Vision has a powerful affect on balance and even overrides other senses that provide feedback about body placement and posture

45
Q

Navigation through the environment

A

simple lines and their direction = movement/optic flow neurons

46
Q

Optic flow neurons

A

Neurons in the medial superior temporal area (MST) that respond to flow patterns

47
Q

Monkey experiment by Britten and Van Wezel about optic flow neurons

A

Specific neurons like different types of movement, Stimulating those specific neurons made the monkeys shift their attention to the specific direction of flow patterns

48
Q

Functions of color vision

A

classify and identify objects, evolutionary advantage for foraging food

49
Q

Colors of objects are determined by…

A

Wavelengths of light that are REFLECTED

50
Q

Chromatic colors or hues

A

Objects that preferentially reflect some wavelengths (Selective reflection); all of the color wavelengths are absorbed by the object and the color is the only thing reflected

51
Q

Selective transmission

A

Transparent objects selectively allow wavelengths to pass through

52
Q

Short wavelengths

A

Blue

53
Q

Medium wavelengths

A

Green

54
Q

Long + medium wavelengths

A

Yellow

55
Q

Long wavelengths

A

Red

56
Q

All wavelengths

A

White

57
Q

Trichromatic theory of color vision

A

3 different receptor mechanisms are responsible for color vision; proved through a color matching experiment by adjusting 3 wavelengths in a comparison field. Results showed that observers need atleast 3 wavelengths to make the correct matches

58
Q

Cone response to color perception

A

Color perception is based on 3 types of cones. Combinations of responses from all 3 cone types lead to perception of colors based on the color wavelength. Relationships between cones is important because more patterns of activity helps us perceive more information

59
Q

One type of receptor cannot lead to color vision because…

A

1) Absorption of one photon causes the same effect, no matter what the wavelength is. 2) Any 2 wavelengths can cause the same response by changing the intensity, this isn’t possible with one type of receptor

60
Q

Why are 3 receptors better than 2?

A

While two receptors can help adjust the response to wavelengths three is better for perception of more colors

61
Q

Monochromat

A

True color blindness, only needs one wavelength to match colors, world is black and white and have eyes that are sensitive to bright light. Tend to only have rods, without any functioning cones

62
Q

Dichromat

A

Person who only needs two wavelengths to match any color

63
Q

3 types of dichromatism

A

Protanopia, Deuteranopia, tritanopia

64
Q

Protanopia

A

World perceived in blues, yellows, and greens. Missing the long-wavelength pigment

65
Q

Deteranopia

A

World perceived in blues greens, and yellows but missing medium wavelength pigment

66
Q

Tritanopia

A

Pinkish, reds and blues. Probably missing short wavelength pigment

67
Q

Anomalous trichromat

A

Needs 3 wavelengths in different proportions than a normal trichromat

68
Q

Unilateral dichromat

A

Trichromatic vision in one eyeand dichromat in another

69
Q

Opponent-process theory of color vision

A

Color vision is caused by opposing responses generated by blue and yellow and by green and red. 3 mechanisms: red/green, blue/yellow, and white/black. the pairs respond in opposing fashion, positively and negatively for each color and result in chemical reactions in retina activity. Wavelengths either increase activity in bipolar and ganglion cells (Long/medium wavelengths) or decrease activity (short wavelengths)

70
Q

Opponent neurons

A

Retina and LGN; respond in an excitatory manner to one end of the spectrum and an inhibitory manner to another

71
Q

Color in the cortex

A

Opponent neurons: center surround and double opponent (orientation + color)

72
Q

Color constancy

A

Perception of colors as relatively constant in spite of changing light source

73
Q

Chromatic adaptation

A

Prolonged exposure to chromatic color leads to receptors adapting to a stimulus color and getting sensitive or tired to the wavelength. After prolonged exposure to a specific wavelength the wavelength in a different context looks muted.

74
Q

Cue approach to depth perception

A

Information in the retinal image that is correlated with depth in the scene; occlusion; association between cue and depth

75
Q

Oculomotor cues

A

Oculomotor cues are based on sensing the
position of the eyes and muscle tension

76
Q

Convergence

A

Inward movement of the
eyes when we focus on nearby objects

77
Q

Accommodation

A

change in the shape of
the lens when we focus on objects at
different distances

78
Q

Monocular cues

A

Come from one eye; pictorial cues and motion produced cues

79
Q

Pictorial cues

A

sources of depth information that come from 2-D images, such as pictures

80
Q

Types of pictorial cues

A

Occlusion, Relative height, relative size, perspective convergence, familiar size, Atmospheric perspective, texture gradient, shadows

81
Q

Occlusion

A

Whether one object partially covers another

82
Q

Relative height

A

Objects below the horizon that are higher in the field of vision are more distant; Objects above the horizon and are lower
in the visual field are more distant

83
Q

Relative size

A

when objects are equal size the closer one will take up more of the visual field

84
Q

Perspective convergence

A

parallel lines appear to come together in the distance

85
Q

Familiar size

A

distance information based on our knowledge of object size

86
Q

Atmospheric perspective

A

distance objects are fuzzy and have a blue tint

87
Q

Texture gradient

A

equally spaced elements
are more closely packed as distance increases

88
Q

Shadows

A

Indicate where objects are located and enhance them as 3D

89
Q

Types of motion-produced cues

A

Motion parallax and deletion and accretion

90
Q

Motion parallax

A

close objects in direction of
movement glide rapidly past but objects in the distance appear to move slowly

91
Q

Deletion and accretion

A

objects are covered or uncovered as we move relative to them
* Covering an object is deletion
* Uncovering an object is accretion

92
Q

Binocular disparity

A

Difference in images from 2 eyes

93
Q

Stereopsis

A

the impression of depth that
results from information provided by binocular
disparity; we need different input from both our eyes to better see objects in 3D

94
Q

Strabismus

A

Eyes do not point in the same direction; lazy eye

95
Q

Binocular depth cells/disparity selective cells

A

Neurons that best respond to binocular disparity; respond best to a specific degree of absolute disparity between
images on the right and left retinas.

96
Q

Disparity tuning curve

A

At +1 disparity is when there is the highest neuron firing rate. Neurons with broad tuning curves are less specific and respond to a wider range of disparities, while neurons with narrow tuning curves are more selective and respond to a narrower range of disparities.

97
Q

Alternating vision between two eyes reveals that

A

there is less activity of binocular neurons and we are unable to use binocular disparity to perceive depth

98
Q

Distance and size perception are correlated

A

Visual angle depends on both the size of the object and the distance from the observer.

99
Q

When given depth cues

A

Judgments of size were based on physical size.

100
Q

When there is no depth information

A

Judgments of size were based on size of the retinal images.

101
Q

Based on actual sizes of objects when there
is good depth information

A

When depth information is eliminated, visual
angle strongly influences size estimation

102
Q

Size constancy

A

Perception of an object’s size remains relatively constant; this effect remains even if the size of the retinal image changes; size-distance scaling equation: S = R (Retinal images) X D (Distance) ; The changes in distance and retinal size balance each other

103
Q

Cons of constancy

A

Inappropriate interpretations of physical reality
* Converging lines are corners -> Müller-Lyer illusion
* Linear perspective cues -> Ponzo illusion
* Rooms are rectangular -> Ames room illusion

104
Q

Distance is

A

perceived as changing; Since the retinal images (R) are the same, the lines must be different sizes (S)

105
Q

Ponzo illusion

A

Rectangular objects on a train track; The far rectangle appears larger than the
closer rectangle but both are the same size. One possible explanation is misapplied size-constancy scaling.

106
Q

The Ames room

A

Two people of equal size appear very different in size in a normal-shaped room BUT The actual shape has the left corner twice as far away as the right corner, so the person looks small in the left. Explanation: size-distance scaling, Woman on the left has smaller visual angle
(R). Due to the perceived distance (D) being the same her perceived size (S) is smaller. OR Relative size explanation One woman fills the distance between the
top and bottom of the room. The other woman only fills part of the distance. Thus, the woman on the right appears taller

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