PSYC Final unit Flashcards
Heterosexual behavior
Sexual activity with members of the opposite gender
Homosexual behavior
sexual activity with members of the same sex
Sexual dysfucntion
Sexual disorder in which the client finds it difficult to function adequately while having sex
Female sexual interest/arousal disorder
Recurrent inability in some women to attain or maintain adequate lubrication and sexual excitement swelling responses until completion of sexual activity
Male hypoactive desire order
Dysfunction in which a man feels distress from having little or no sexual interest
Erectile disorder
Recurring inability in some men to attain or maintain adequate penile erection until completion of sexual activity
Delayed ejaculation
Disorder in which a man achieves orgasm only with great difficulty
Female orgasmic disorder
Recurring delay or absence of orgasm in some women following a normal sexual excitement phase, relative to their prior experience and current stimulation. Also known as inhibited orgasm (female)
Premature ejaculation
Recurring ejaculation before the person wishes it, with minimal sexual stimulation
Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder
Sexual dysfunction in which a woman experiences pain or difficulty with penetration during intercourse; may include vaginismus
Vaginismus
Recurring involuntary muscle spasms in the outer third of the vagina that interfere with sexual intercourse
Paraphilic disorders
Sexual disorders and deviations in which sexual arousal occurs almost exclusively in the context of inappropriate objects or individuals
Frotteuristic disorder
“Paraphilic disorder in which the person gains sexual gratification by rubbing against unwilling victims in crowds from which they cannot escape”
Fetishistic disorder
“Long-term, recurring, intense sexually arousing urges, fantasies, or behavior that involve the use of nonliving, unusual objects and that cause distress or impairment in life functioning”
Voyeuristic disorder
Paraphilic disorder in which sexual arousal is derived from observing unsuspecting individuals undressing or naked
Exhibitionistic
Sexual gratification attained by exposing genitals to unsuspecting strangers
Transvestic disorder
“Paraphilia in which individuals, usually males, are sexually aroused or receive gratification by wearing clothing of the opposite sex”
Sexual sadism
Paraphilia in which sexual arousal is associated with inflicting pain or humiliation
Sexual masochism
Paraphilia in which sexual arousal is associated with experiencing pain or humiliation
Pedophilia
Paraphilia involving strong sexual attraction toward children
Incest
Deviant sexual attraction (pedophilia) directed toward a family member; often the attraction of a father toward a daughter who is maturing physically
Covert sensitization
Cognitive-behavioral intervention to reduce unwanted behaviors by having clients imagine the extremely aversive consequences of the behaviors and establish negative rather than positive associations with them
Orgasmic reconditioning
Learning procedure to help clients strengthen appropriate patterns of sexual arousal by pairing appropriate stimuli with the pleasurable sensations of masturbation
Gender dysphoria
Psychological dissatisfaction with biological gender, a disturbance in the sense of identity as a male or female. The primary goal is not sexual arousal but rather to live the life of the opposite gender
Gender nonconformity
A phenomenon in which pre-pubescent children do not identify with their biological sex, but instead identify strongly with the gender of the opposite sex and display varying degrees of behavior more characteristic of the opposite sex
Sex reassignment surgery
Surgical procedures to alter a person’s physical anatomy to confirm to that person’s psychological gender identity
Substance-related and addictive disorders
Range of problems associated with the use and abuse of drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, and other substances people use to alter the way they think, feel, and behave. These are extremely costly in human and financial terms
impulse-control disorders
A disorder in which a person acts on an irresistible, but potentially harmful, impulse
alcohol use disorder
“A cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problem associated with alcohol use and abuse”
Psychoactive substances
Substances, such as a drug, that alter mood or behavior
Substance use
The ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not significantly interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning
Substance intoxication
A physiological reaction, such as impaired judgement and motor ability, as well as mood change, resulting from ingestion of a psychoactive substance
Substance use disorders
When the recurrent use of alcohol and/or drugs causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home
physiological dependence
The use of increasingly greater amounts of the drug to experience the same effect and a negative physical response when the substance is no longer ingested
Tolerance
The need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect, and a diminished effect with continued use of the same amount
Withdrawal
A severely negative physiological reaction to removal of a psychoactive substance, which can be alleviated by the same or a similar substance
Substance dependence
“A maladaptive pattern of substance use characterized by the need for increased amounts to achieve the desired effect, negative physical effects when the substance is withdrawn, unsuccessful efforts to control its use, and substantial effort expended to seek it or recover from its effects. Also known as addiction.”
Substance abuse
A pattern of psychoactive substance use leading to significant distress or impairment in social and occupational roles and in hazardous situations
Alcohol
By-product of the fermentation of yeasts, sugar, and water; the most commonly used and abused depressant substance
Alcohol-related disorders
Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with alcohol use and abuse
Withdrawal delirium
“The frightening hallucinations and body tremors that result when a heavy drinker withdraws from alcohol. Also known as delirium tremens (DT)”
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
“Organic brain syndrome resulting from prolonged heavy alcohol use, involving confusion, unintelligible speech, and loss of motor coordination. It may be caused by a deficiency of thiamine, a vitamin metabolized poorly by heavy drinkers”
Barbiturates
A sedative (and addictive) drug such as Amytal, Seconal, or Nembutal that is used as a sleep aid
Benzodiazepines
An antianxiety drug such as Valium, Xanax, Dalmane, or Halcion also used to treat insomnia. Effective against anxiety (and, at high potency, panic disorder), benzodiazepines show some side effects, such as some cognitive and motor impairment, and may result in substance dependence. Relapse rates are extremely high when such a drug is discontinued
Amphetamines
Stimulant medication used to treat hypersomnia by keeping the person awake during the day, and to treat narcolepsy, including sudden onset episodes, by suppressing rapid eye movement sleep
Amphetamine use disorders
“Psychological, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with amphetamine use and abuse”
Cocaine use disorders
“Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of cocaine”
Nicotine
Toxic and addictive substance found in tobacco leaves
Tobacco-related disorders
“Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of nicotine”
Opioid-related disorders
“Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of opiates and their synthetic variants.”
Cannabis (Marijuana)
Substance from dried parts of the cannabis or hemp plant. Mood swings, sensory experiences, dream-like state
Hallucinogen use disorders
“Cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of hallucinogenic substances”
Hallucinogenic substances
“Any psychoactive substance, such as LSD, that can produce delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, and altered sensory perception”
Opponent-process theory
An increase in positive feelings will be followed shortly by an increase in negative feelings and an increase in negative feelings will be followed by a period of positive feelings. This mechanism is strengthened with use and weakened with disuse
Moral weakness model of chemical dependence
Drug use is seen as a failure of self-control in the face of temptation; this is a psychosocial perspective
Disease model of physiological dependence
Drug use disorders are caused by an underlying physiological cause; this is a biological perspective
Agonist substitution
“A replacement of a drug on which a person is dependent with one that has a similar chemical makeup, an agonist. Used as a treatment for substance dependence”
Nicotine
“Toxic and addictive substance found in tobacco leaves”
Nicotine patch
“Patch placed on the skin that delivers nicotine to smokers without the carcinogens in cigarette smoke. Somewhat more successful than nicotine gum because it requires less effort by the wearer and delivers the drug more consistently; should be coupled with counseling to stop smoking and avoid relapse”
Antagonist drugs
“The medication that blocks or counteracts the effects of a psychoactive drug.”
Controlled drinking
“An extremely controversial treatment approach to alcohol dependence, in which severe abusers are taught to drink in moderation.”
Relapse prevention
“An extremely controversial treatment approach to alcohol dependence, in which severe abusers are taught to drink in moderation”
Gambling disorder
“Persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress”
Intermittent explosive disorder
“The episodes during which a person acts on aggressive impulses that result in serious assaults or destruction of property.”
Kleptomania
“A recurrent failure to resist urges to steal things not needed for personal use or their monetary value”
Pyromania
A impulse-control disorder that involves having an irresistible urge to set fires
Personality disorder
An enduring maladaptive pattern for relating to the environment and self, exhibited in a range of contexts that cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress
Cluster A
Odd or eccentric cluster: Paranoid, Schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders
Cluster B
Dramatic, emotional, erratic, and narcissistic cluster: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders
Cluster C
Anxious or fearful cluster: Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
Paranoid personality disorder
A cluster A personality disorder involving pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent
Schizoid personality disorder
A cluster A (odd or eccentric) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions
Schizotypal personality disorder
“A cluster A (odd or eccentric) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of interpersonal deficits featuring acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior.”
Antisocial personality disorder
“A cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. Similar to the non-DSM-5 label psychopathy but with greater emphasis on overt behavior than on personality traits”
Psychopathy
“A non-DSM-5 category similar to antisocial personality disorder but with less emphasis on overt behavior. Indicators include superficial charm, lack of remorse, and other personality characteristics”
Conduct disorder
Diagnosis for children who violate societal norms
Borderline Personality disorder
“A cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and control over impulses”
Dialectal behavior therapy (DBT)
“A promising treatment for borderline personality disorder that involves exposing the client to stressors in a controlled situation, as well as helping the client regulate emotions and cope with stressors that might trigger suicidal behavior.”
Histrionic personality disorder
“A cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking”
Narcissistic personality disorder
“A cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of grandiosity in fantasy or behavior, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.”
Avoidant personality disorder
A cluster C(anxious or fearful) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism
Dependent Personality Disorder
“A cluster C (anxious or fearful) personality disorder characterized by a person’s pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, a condition that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation”
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
“A cluster C (anxious or fearful) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency”
