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PSYC*2360 > PSYC*2360 Chapter 8: Two-Group Design > Flashcards

PSYC*2360 Chapter 8: Two-Group Design Flashcards

1
Q

For an experiment to establish causation, what are the three specific criteria it must meet?

A
  • Covariation
  • Temporal precedence
  • Internal validity
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2
Q

What is covariation?

A

When changes in one variable are associated systematically with changes in another

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3
Q

What does it mean to have temporal precedence?

A

When changes in the suspected cause (IV) occur before changes in the effect (DV)

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4
Q

T or F: Correlational designs may help establish temporal precedence, but they can’t establish covariation.

A

False. May help establish covariation, but can’t establish temporal precedence.

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5
Q

What term refers to the degree to which it is possible to rule out other possible causal explanations for an observed relationship between the independent and dependent variables?

A

Internal validity

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6
Q

What are extraneous variables?

A

Factors other than the intended treatment that might change the outcome variable

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7
Q

T or F: To establish causality, extraneous variables need to be eliminated or controlled.

A

True

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8
Q

Why is internal validity required for determining causality?

A

It must be shown that covariation is only due to the independent variable and not an extraneous variable

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9
Q

What is mundane realism?

A

The degree to which a study parallels everyday situations in the real world

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10
Q

What is experimental realism?

A

The degree to which participants becomes engrossed in a manipulation and are truly influenced by it

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11
Q

What is a two-group design also known as?

A

A simple experiment

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12
Q

What is a two-group design?

A

An experimental design that compares two groups or conditions

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13
Q

Which experimental design represents the most basic way to establish cause and effect?

A

A two-group design

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14
Q

In an experimental design, which group or condition gets the key treatment?

A

The experimental group

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15
Q

In an experimental design, which group or condition serves as a comparison for the experimental group?

A

The control group

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16
Q

In an experimental design, what is an all-or-nothing approach?

A

The experimental group treatment to its fullest extent and the control group receives no treatment

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17
Q

What is one drawback to an all-or-nothing approach?

A

It can lead to several differences between groups and make the exact effect of treatment unclear

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18
Q

Which term refers to the ability to keep everything between groups the same, except for the one element being tested?

A

Experimental control

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19
Q

In an experimental design, what is an a-little-more-versus-a-little-less approach?

A

The experimental group receives a bit more of the treatment and the control group receives a little less

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20
Q

Which term refers to a clear and specific prediction of how the independent variable will influence the dependent variable?

A

Experimental hypothesis

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21
Q

What is the assumption that each participant represents a unique and individual data point?

A

Independence

22
Q

T or F: When people know they are part of a certain group, even if arbitrary, they tend to favour that group over others.

A

True

23
Q

T or F: Even when people are aware that they are part of a group, they don’t often take cues from other members, and each individual continues to act naturally.

A

False. As soon as people know they are part of a group, they often take cues from other members in ways that make each individual act less naturally.

24
Q

What is one step that can be taken to ensure independence in an experimental design?

A

Interactions between participants should be minimized, and they should each be tested individually

25
Q

What is random assignment?

A

Any method of placing participants in groups that is non-systematic and non-biased

26
Q

Which method of assignment to groups ensures that each participant has an equal chance of being in any group?

A

Random assignment

27
Q

What is a matched-pair design?

A

A design in which one creates a set of two participants who are highly similar on a key trait, then randomly assigns individuals in a pair to different groups

28
Q

Which type of experimental design ensures both groups have participants who are similar in the trait important to the study?

A

A matched-pair design

29
Q

When does a matched-pair design work best?

A

When there are important characteristics that can be easily measured in a reliable and valid way

30
Q

T or F: Matched-pair designs can sometimes give a false sense of security in terms of controlling for individual differences.

A

True

31
Q

What are researcher notes used for?

A

To keep track of anything out of the ordinary that happens during a study

32
Q

What is a manipulation check?

A

A measure that helps determine whether the manipulation effectively changed or varied the independent variable across conditions

33
Q

What are the three tasks to accomplish during data analysis in a two-group design to help answer the research question?

A
  • Make sure groups were similar on variables that may provide alternative explanations
  • Make sure manipulation was effective
  • Test hypothesis
34
Q

In an experiment with a between-subjects design with two levels of the IV and a continuous DV, what is the appropriate statistical analysis to conduct?

A

A t-test for independent means (aka an independent samples t-test)

35
Q

Which statistical test is used to compare groups’ means to see if they differ to a degree that could not have happened accidentally or by chance?

A

A t-test for independent means (aka an independent samples t-test)

36
Q

How are degrees of freedom calculated in an independent samples t-test?

A

df= (n1-1)(n2-1)

37
Q

In an independent samples t-test, what does p represent?

A

The probability that the results were due to chance (statistical significance)

38
Q

In an independent samples t-test, what does it typically mean when p<0.05?

A

There can be confidence that the results represent a real difference between groups

39
Q

In an independent samples t-test, what does it typically mean when p>0.05?

A

There is not enough evidence to support that the results were not merely due to chance

40
Q

In an independent samples t-test, as n increases, does p increase or decrease?

A

Decreases

41
Q

T or F: The statistical significance in a t-test is independent of sample size.

A

False

42
Q

In an independent samples t-test, what does d represent?

A

Effect size

43
Q

What is the statistical measure of the magnitude of the difference between groups?

A

Effect size (d)

44
Q

T or F: The effect size is independent of sample size.

A

True

45
Q

In an independent samples t-test, are significance level and effect size independent of one another?

A

Yes

46
Q

Is Cohen’s effect size of 0.2 considered small, medium, or large?

A

Small

47
Q

Is a Cohen’s effect size of 0.5 considered small, medium, or large?

A

Medium

48
Q

Is a Cohen’s effect size of 0.8 considered small, medium, or large?

A

Large

49
Q

What is the null hypothesis?

A

The hypothesis that there will be no difference between groups or conditions

50
Q

Which hypothesis is the researcher typically trying to statistically reject?

A

The null hypothesis

PSYC*2360 (13 decks)

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