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PSYC*2360 > PSYC*2360 Chapter 1: Psychology as a Science > Flashcards

PSYC*2360 Chapter 1: Psychology as a Science Flashcards

1
Q

What is the availability heuristic?

A

A mental shortcut for judging the likelihood of something based on how easy it is to think of similar instances

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2
Q

What is the representativeness heuristic?

A

A mental shortcut for determining the likelihood of an event based on how much it represents a “typical” example of it

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3
Q

What is the better-than-average effect?

A

The tendency to overestimate our skills, abilities, and performance when comparing ourselves to others

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4
Q

What is one phenomenon that explains the better-than-average effect?

A

The overconfidence phenomenon

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5
Q

What is the overconfidence phenomenon?

A

The tendency to be overly confident in the correctness of our own judgments

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6
Q

What are two types of bias that contribute to the better-than-average effect?

A
  • Hindsight bias
  • Confirmation bias
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7
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

Overestimating the ability to have predicted an outcome beforehand once the results are already known

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8
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

Only looking for and trusting evidence that confirms what was already believed, strengthening the original belief

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9
Q

How does the focusing effect contribute to confirmation bias?

A

Helps confirm preexisting beliefs, by emphasizing some pieces of information and undervaluing others

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10
Q

What is introspection?

A

Reflecting on one’s own thoughts and experiences

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11
Q

What are two drawbacks to introspection?

A
  • the “what you see is all there is phenomenon”
  • the pleasure paradox
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12
Q

Which phenomenon describes the failure to see the limitations of an immediate experience and the tendency to take things at face value?

A

The “what you see is all there is phenomenon”

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13
Q

What is the pleasure paradox?

A

When an introspective analysis regarding a positive experience results in it becoming less enjoyable

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14
Q

What is belief perseverance?

A

Maintaining a belief despite encountering contradictory factual information

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15
Q

What does the law of small number state?

A

Extreme outcomes are more likely when considering a small number of cases

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16
Q

What are outliers?

A

A case that is distinct from the majority of other cases

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17
Q

T or F: Our own selectivity when acquiring evidence to support or negate a claim is more obvious than the selectivity of others.

A

False

18
Q

T or F: Evidence suggests that those who think about scientific research behave more ethically and are more likely to help others than those who do not.

A

True

19
Q

What are the six characteristics of a good scientist?

A

SCOOCE:
- Skepticism
- Creativity
- Open-mindedness
- Objectivity
- Communication
- Empiricism

20
Q

What is the main factor that differentiates science from other disciplines like philosophy and theology?

A

Empirical reasoning

21
Q

What is the main difference between empirical research and non-empirical research?

A
  • Empirical research: Uses systematic methods to gain knowledge
  • Non-empirical research: Uses non-systematic methods to gain knowledge
22
Q

Which common goal of science is achieved by sharing research?

A

The goal to serve the common good

23
Q

What is basic research dedicated to?

A

Expanding the existing knowledge on a topic

24
Q

How is basic research often accomplished?

A

By developing theories to explain phenomena

25
Q

Which type of research often serves as the foundation for applied research?

A

Basic research

26
Q

What is applied research dedicated to?

A

Solving a problem, and/or examining the real-world implications of a theory

27
Q

T or F: Research should be viewed as simply being “basic” or “applied.”

A

False

28
Q

What is science denialism?

A

The stubborn refusal to acknowledge the legitimacy of established scientific findings

29
Q

What are the five key strategies used by science denialists?

A

FLICC:
- Fake experts
- Logical fallacies
- Impossible expectations
- Cherry-picking
- Conspiracy theories

30
Q

What are logical fallacies?

A

Arguments that use errors in reasoning

31
Q

What are people doing when they conjure a secret scheme to explain straightforward findings?

A

Creating conspiracy theories

32
Q

What is the best way to confront science denialism?

A

Identifying the rhetorical techniques and using facts to refute claims

33
Q

What term is used to refer to claims/beliefs that are misinterpreted as being derived from the use of the scientific method?

A

Pseudoscience

34
Q

What are three situations in which people are more likely to accept pseudoscientific claims?

A
  • When they are accompanied by numerical support
  • When they are promoted using terms or jargon such as “new scientific breakthrough”
  • When they feature individuals associated with important-sounding schools or professions
35
Q

What are three things to consider when evaluating claims?

A
  • The source
  • The claim itself
  • The information
36
Q

What is “truthiness”?

A

The tendency to believe something is the truth simply because it “feels right” or “makes sense” without really considering the supporting evidence

37
Q

What is the illusory truth effect?

A

The tendency to believe information more if it has been previously encountered

38
Q

How does processing fluency contribute to/explain the illusory truth effect?

A

The ease with which information is processed is used as a cue to infer validity

39
Q

What is the difference between the incremental view of intelligence and entity view of intelligence?

A
  • Incremental: Intelligence is malleable and can be developed
  • Entity: Intelligence is fixed and unchangeable
40
Q

Does overconfidence appear to be most common in those with an incremental or entity view of intelligence?

A

Entity view of intelligence

41
Q

Which method of study employs rules for systematic analysis that help avoid nature flaws in thinking?

A

The scientific method

PSYC*2360 (7 decks)

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