PSYC*2360 Chapter 11: Factorial Design Flashcards
What is the term used to describe the description of a hypothetical situation, event, or scenario to which participants react?
Vignette
When are vignettes especially useful?
When studying situations that can’t be recreated in a lab due to practical or ethical reasons
T or F: Vignettes provide a great deal of experimental control
True
What are factors also known as?
Independent variables
What is a factorial design?
An experimental design that has more than one independent variable
When looking at the notation of a factorial design, what does the amount of numbers indicate?
How many independent variables the design includes
When looking at the notation of a factorial design, what does the value of each number indicate?
How many levels/conditions each independent variable has
When looking at the notation of a factorial design, what can be determined by multiplying the levels of the independent variables?
The number of treatment conditions needed
How many possible outcomes are there for a 2x2 factorial design?
8
T of F: In their most basic form, factorial designs are not true experiments.
False
Are all independent variables in factorial designs within-subjects or between-subjects?
Between-subjects
What happens if any one of the independent variables in a factorial design is switched to be within-subjects?
It is no longer a factorial design, and is considered a mixed design
What is a hybrid design?
Any factorial design with at least one quasi-independent variable
T or F: Hybrid designs limit the causal conclusions that can be made.
True
What are four benefits of factorial designs?
- Able to determine causation
- More efficient than conducting multiple two-group designs
- Results more closely approximate everyday lives
- Allows for the determination of potential interactions
What is an interaction in a factorial design?
When the effect of an IV changes at different levels of another IV
In an interaction, is the result an effect that is the same as or different from the average of the main effects?
Different from
In a factorial design, what is the opposite of an interaction?
An additive effect
What is an additive effect in a factorial design?
When the effect of combined IVs is the same as the sum of thier separate effects
What is the difference between a main effect hypothesis and an interaction effect hypothesis?
- Main effect: predictions about the effect of only one IV on the DV at a time (ignoring all other IVs)
- Interaction effect: predictions about how the levels of one IV will combine with another IV to impact the DV beyond the sum of their separate main effects
How many main effect hypotheses are there in a factorial design?
As many as there are independent variables
How many interaction effect hypotheses are there in a factorial design?
As many as there are combinations of independent variables
T or F: The main effect and interaction hypotheses are dependent on one another.
False
What is a crossover interaction?
When the influence of one IV on the other reverses across levels of that other IV
What are crossover interactions also known as?
Disordinal interactions
What is an ordinal interaction?
When one IV has an influence on a particular level of the IV, but not all of its levels
Which statistical test allows for simultaneous testing of how separate nominal or categorical IVs influence the DV, and how those IVs interact to influence the DV?
A two-way ANOVA
What is a two-way ANOVA also known as?
A factorial ANOVA
In a 2x2 factorial design, what can a two-way ANOVA be compared to?
The combination of two independent samples t-tests with the bonus of providing information about the interaction between the two IVs
In a 2x3 factorial design, what can a two-way ANOVA be compared to?
The combination of an independent samples t-test with a one-way ANOVA
What does a two-way ANOVA test for?
Any statistically significant main or interaction effects
What is a cell mean?
The average of the DV for each combination of IV levels
When testing for an interaction in a factorial design, are the cell means or marginal means used?
Cell means
In a two-way ANOVA, what is examined to understand how the IVs interact or combine to influence the DV?
The pattern of cell means
What is the marginal mean?
The average of all participants on one level of the IV (ignoring other IVs)
When testing for a main effect in a factorial design, are the cell means or marginal means used?
Marginal means
When presenting the findings from a two-way ANOVA, what are the two values in the parentheses that follow F (F(X, Y)=)?
- X= Between-subjects degrees of freedom
- Y= Within-subjects defrees of freedom
When presenting the finding from a two-way ANOVA, what does eta^2 represent?
The calculated effect size
When evaluating interactions, what are the two common ways variables combine?
- Synergistic effect
- Suppression effect
What is a synergistic effect?
An effect where two variables combine to produce an outcome greater than what each individual variable contributes
What is a suppression effect?
An effect where two variables combine to produce an outcome smaller than what each individual variable contributes
