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PSYC*2360 > PSYC*2360 Chapter 10: Within-Subjects Design > Flashcards

PSYC*2360 Chapter 10: Within-Subjects Design Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a behavioural diary?

A

A self-report data collection strategy where participants record their behaviours and associated feelings as they occur

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2
Q

T or F: When completing a behavioural diary, behaviour is typically recorded at predetermined times.

A

True

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3
Q

What are the three common within-subjects designs?

A
  • Pretest-posttest
  • Repeated-measures
  • Longitudinal
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4
Q

What is the simplest within-subjects design?

A

Pretest-posttest

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5
Q

What occurs during a pretest-posttest design?

A

Participants are measured before and after exposure to a treatment or intervention

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6
Q

What type of measurement is taken as an initial assessment of a participant at the onset of a study, prior to any treatment or intervention?

A

Baseline measurements

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7
Q

What is the “pretest” measurement in a pretest-posttest design?

A

Baseline measurements

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8
Q

What occurs during a repeated-measures design?

A

Participants are exposed to each level of the IV and are measured on the DV after each level

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9
Q

How do repeated-measures designs differ from within-subjects design?

A
  • Repeated-measures: Don’t take baseline measurements
  • Within-subjects: Take baseline measurements
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10
Q

What occurs during a longitudinal design?

A

Participants are repeatedly measured on the DV over an extended period of time

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11
Q

Do within-subjects or between-subjects design require a smaller sample size?

A

Within-subjects

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12
Q

Do within-subjects designs have a statistical power advantage or disadvantage over between-subjects designs?

A

Statistical power advantage

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13
Q

Why do within-subjects designs have a statistical power advantage over between-subjects designs?

A

The reduction of random error between groups makes it easier to isolate the IV’s impact on the DV

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14
Q

What are three disadvantages of within-subjects designs?

A
  • Potential for lower external validity
  • Potential for lower internal validity
  • Potential logistical challenges
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15
Q

Why might within-subjects designs have the potential for lower external validity?

A

Observed effects may be the result of multiple exposures rather than a single expose to the IV

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16
Q

What are six potential threats to the internal validity of a within-subjects design?

A
  • Attrition
  • The testing effect
  • Instrumentation problems
  • The threat of history
  • The threat of maturation
  • Order effects
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17
Q

What is attrition also known as?

A

Mortality

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18
Q

What is attrition?

A

The differential dropping out of participants from a study

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19
Q

Does attrition represent a threat to the internal or external validity of a within-subjects design?

A

Internal

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20
Q

What is one way to minimize attrition?

A

By making continued involvement in the study appealing and non-threatening to participants

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21
Q

What is the testing effect?

A

When participants’ scores change on subsequent measured due to increased familiarity with the instrument

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22
Q

Does the testing effect represent a threat to the internal or external validity of a within-subjects design?

A

Internal

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23
Q

What are three ways to minimize potential testing effects in a within-subjects design?

A
  • Use distractor items to make it more difficult to guess the study’s purpose
  • Employ an unrelated distractor task between conditions to decrease the likelihood of participants remembering their previous answers
  • Increase the time between conditions to also decrease the likelihood of remembering previous answers
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24
Q

What are instrumentation problems?

A

A change in how a variable is measured or administered over the course of a study

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25
Do instrumentation problems pose a threat to the internal or external validity of a within-subjects design?
Internal
26
How can instrumentation problems be minimized?
By keeping measurement instruments and how they are administered consistent throughout the study
27
In a within-subjects design, what is the threat of history?
The possibility that an external event will influence participants' behaviour during the study
28
Does the threat of history represent a threat to the internal or external validity of a within-subjects design?
Internal
29
In a within-subjects design, what is the threat of maturation?
The possibility of either short- or long- term physiological changes that would naturally occur, regardless of participation in the study
30
Does the threat of maturation represent a threat to the internal or external validity of a within-subjects design?
Internal
31
What is one way to determine the potential role of maturation in a within-subjects design?
Use a comparison group that doesn't receive any intervention, but can be assessed over the same time period to observe natural changes
32
In which type of within-subjects design is the threat of maturation particularly problematic?
Longitudinal studies
33
What are order effects?
The influence that the sequence of experimental conditions/ IV levels have on the DV
34
Do order effects present a threat to the internal or external validity of a within-subjects design?
Internal
35
What are four types of order effects?
- Practice effects - Fatigue effects - Carryover effects - Sensitization effects
36
What are practice effects?
Changes in responding or behaviour due to increased experience with the measurement instrument
37
How can practice effects be minimized?
Provide participants with practice completing the measures or doing the task before starting the experiment
38
What are fatigue effects?
Deterioration in the quality of measurements due to the participants becoming tired, less attentive, or carless during the course of the study
39
How can fatigue effects be minimized?
Make experimental tasks interesting and relatively brief
40
What are carryover effects?
When exposure to earlier experimental conditions influences responses to subsequent conditions
41
How can carry over effects be minimized?
By giving participants breaks between conditions
42
What are sensitization effects?
When continued exposure to experimental conditions increases the likelihood of hypothesis guessing
43
How can sensitization effects be minimized?
Mislead participants about the study's purpose
44
What are three ways to minimize order effects overall?
- Randomizing the order of levels - Counterbalancing - Using a latin square design
45
Why is randomizing the order of levels in a within-subjects design not ideal for controlling order effects?
Some sequences may occur less frequently than others or not at all
46
How do researchers counterbalance to avoid order effects?
Identify and randomly assign all participants to potential treatment sequences
47
How is the number of orders for a given number of levels of the IV calculated?
N! where N= the number of levels of the IV
48
In which counterbalancing procedure does each experimental condition appear at every position in the sequence order equally often?
Latin square design
49
How does a latin square design reduce the number of conditions needed in a within-subjects experiment?
By creating a subset of all orderings with each condition in each position only once
50
T or F: Latin square designs only use as many sequences as there are experimental conditions/ IV levels.
True
51
Latin square designs are typically used when there are more than how many levels of the IV?
4 or more levels
52
Latin square designs are particularly useful for counterbalancing sequence order in which type of within-subjects design?
Repeated-measures
53
The list of students maintained by a psychology department who will receive credit in their class if they participate in a research study is an example of what?
A research participant pool
54
What is a t-test for dependent means also known as?
- Dependent means t-test - Paired-samples t-test
55
In a within-subjects design with two levels of the IV and a continuous DV, what is the appropriate statistical analysis?
A t-test for dependent means
56
What does a t-test for dependent means determine?
If there is a statistically significant difference between two related sets of scores
57
When are repeated-measures ANOVAs used?
To test a hypothesis from a within subjects design with three or more conditions
58
What is the difference between a type one and a type two error?
- Type 1: Null hypothesis rejected, but it was actually true (there was no difference) - Type 2: Null hypothesis failed to be rejected, but it was actually false (there was a difference)
59
Does alpha represent the type one or type two error probability?
Type one
60
Does beta represent the type one or type two error probability?
Type two
61
What is the typical cut-off value for a type two error (beta)?
0.2
62
what does (1-beta) measure?
Power

PSYC*2360 (13 decks)

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