PSYC*2360 Chapter 5: Qualitative Research Flashcards
Are methodologies that focus on obtaining an in-depth account of participants’ perspective on a topic known as qualitative or quantitative?
Qualitative
T or F: Quantitative research favours studying participants on naturally occurring settings.
False. Qualitative favours naturalistic observation.
In qualitative research, are statistics typically used to test hypotheses?
No
In qualitative research, are statistics typically used to describe phenomenons?
Yes
T or F: In qualitative studies, predictions are not often made.
True
Why do qualitative measures typically have fewer concerns related to validity and accuracy of conclusions?
Because participants are able to clarify what they mean and correct misinterpretations
What is member-checking/response validation?
Recontacting participants to get their input on how their responses were coded and add credibility to the information
Are methodologies that seek to objectively examine associations between variables, predict outcomes, and make comparisons known as qualitative or quantitative?
Quantitative
T or F: A general goal of qualitative research is to extend conclusions to others.
False. Generalization is a goal of quantitative research.
What is mixed methods research?
A blend of qualitative and quantitative methods to examine a research question from multiple perspectives
What is triangulation?
A research strategy that involves using multiple techniques and/or samples to assess the same information and provide a more comprehensive examination
What is reflexivity?
A practice in which the researcher monitors ad records their role in data collection continuously throughout the study
T or F: Qualitative research encourages reflexivity.
True
Does a bottom-up design involve using an inductive or deductive approach?
Inductive
When a researcher develops a theory by exploring a topic using information from participants’ direct experiences, are they using a top-down or bottom-up approach?
Bottom-up
Does qualitative research typically employ a top-down or bottom-up approach?
Bottom-up
Does a top-down design involve using an inductive or deductive approach?
Deductive
When a researcher tests preconceptions and previously established theories by collecting data, are they using a top-down or bottom-up approach?
Top-down
What is a situated analysis?
Involves examining a topic while it’s embedded within its naturally occurring context
T or F: Qualitative research strives to provide situated analyses.
True
What is a holistic analysis?
Involves examining how numerous properties contribute to patterns within the larger and more complex system
In using a phenomenological approach, what do researcher hope to understand?
A human experience and the meaning of experiences based on how those involved view that situation
What is archival data?
Data that have already been collected in naturally occurring settings
What is a focus group?
A data collection format where several participants gather to discuss a topic
What is a comprehensive description of a specific organization, group, or person studies over a period of time referred to as?
A case study
What are six types of case studies?
- Collective/multiple
- Descriptive
- Explanatory
- Exploratory
- Instrumental
- Intrinsic
What is a collective case study?
A comparison of multiple case studies
What is a descriptive case study?
A case study that seeks information about how interventions operate in real-life context
What is an explanatory case study?
A case study that focuses on the reasons why an intervention produces a certain outcome
What is an exploratory case study?
A case study that seeks to outline potential outcomes of an intervention
What is an instrumental case study?
A case study that is designed to serve a specific purpose or as an example of a particular issue
What is an intrinsic case study?
A case study in which the researcher has direct interest in a particular case
What type of design uses detailed and long-term observations or interactions to situate a phenomenon in the proper cultural context of those being studied?
Ethnography
What is visual ethnography?
A type of ethnography that combines observations and interactions with visual media like photos or videos
What is a narrative analysis?
An examination of first-person stories or descriptions of one’s life
What type of research design explicitly involves participants and tries to change some aspect of the research’s focus?
Action research
What is a postmodern approach?
A research approach that explicitly questions basic assumptions about nature and the capabilities of research
T or F: The most valued interview questions are typically long, but provoke short answers.
False. The most valued questions are typically short, but provoke long answers.
What are the three main types of interviews?
- Structured interviews
- Unstructured interviews
- Semi structured interviews
In which type of interview are specific questions asked in a standardized, fixed order with little to no probing?
Structured interviews
Which type of interview is typically used for quantitative approaches?
Structured interviews
In which type of interview are potential topics anticipated, but no specific questions are planned?
Unstructured interviews
Which type of interview is typically used for qualitative approaches?
Unstructured interviews
In which type of interview are some questions and portions of the order preplanned, but the interviewer can ask additional questions to encourage elaboration?
Semi-structured interviews
Which type of interview often incorporates a critical incident technique?
Semi-structured interviews
What is a critical incident technique?
Involves asking the participant to focus on a specific event or behaviour
What is a unit of analysis in an interview?
The major entity under investigation or the type of data that is the focus of the study
What are the four main steps involved in the typical procedure for conducting an interview?
- State purpose
- Identify potential participants
- Determine the questions being asked
- Determine the order of the questions
What is interview bias?
When the interview influences participant responses
What is an interview schedule/ interview agenda?
A type of protocol that includes questions to ask and the order they should be asked in
Should sensitive or difficult questions be asked at the beginning or end of an interview?
The end once rapport has been established
An analysis technique involving examination of natural dialogue patterns and features like turn-taking, gaze direction, and speech sequence is known as what?
A conversation analysis
The systematic analysis of interview content, involving the organization and summary of the substance of communication, is known as what?
A content analysis
What are the three steps involved in developing a coding scheme?
- Review data and identify major concepts
- Arrange concepts into groups of themes that highlight associations between categories
- Pick a core concept to tie together the various concepts
What is the grounded theory technique?
An approach where the researcher doesn’t have any explicit theories or hypotheses to test prior to research
Is the grounded theory technique typically used to perform a content analysis or a conversation analysis?
Content analysis
Is the grounded theory technique an inductive or deductive method?
Inductive
