PSYC*2330 Chapter 7: Instumental Conditioning

Question 1

Does the molecular or molar view describe behaviour as composed of discrete units strung together to make up complex performances?

Answer 1

Molecular

Question 2

Does the molecular or molar view describe behaviour as continuous and composed of activities with integrated parts?

Answer 2

Molar

Question 3

Was Thorndike’s view of behaviour molecular or molar?

Answer 3

Molecular

Question 4

Was Skinner’s view of behaviour molecular or molar?

Answer 4

Molar

Question 5

Does the molecular or molar view of behaviour focus on individual responses and specific stimuli antecedents and response outcomes?

Answer 5

Molecular

Question 6

Does the molecular or molar view of behaviour consider long-term goals and how to achieve those goals in the context of behavioural options

Answer 6

Molar

Question 7

Does the matching law take a molecular or molar view?

Answer 7

Molar

Question 8

The view that organisms distribute their responses among various alternatives to maximize the amount of reinforcement earned over an extended period of time is known as what?

Answer 8

Molar maximizing

Question 9

The view that organisms always choose whichever response alternative is most likely to be reinforced at a given moment in time is known as what?

Answer 9

Molecular maximizing

Question 10

T or F: According to the molar view, the matching relation is a by product of switching behaviour that tracks momentary changes in the probability of reinforcement.

Answer 10

False. This is a molecular view.

Question 11

According to Thorndike, which association is solely responsible for instrumental behaviour?

Answer 11

The S-R association

Question 12

What is the S-R association?

Answer 12

An association between the contextual stimuli (S) and the instrumental response (R)

Question 13

In an S-R association, what is the role of the outcome (O)?

Answer 13

To strengthen the S-R association

Question 14

According to the law of effect, what does instrumental conditioning involve?

Answer 14

The establishment of an S-R association

Question 15

Is the R-O association relevant to the law of effect?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

T or F: With an S-R association, motivation is not derived from the anticipated outcome, but simply from the stimuli.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Interest in the S-R association has resurfaced in recent efforts to characterize what type of behaviour?

Answer 17

Habitual behaviour

Question 18

What type of association is proposed to be the underlying mechanism for habitual behaviour?

Answer 18

The S-R association

Question 19

T or F: In terms of the S-R association and habits, over time, S triggers R regardless of O

Answer 19

True

Question 20

How can the formation of an S-R association lead to drug addiction?

Answer 20

The formation of the S-R association creates a loss of control over behaviour, such that the response becomes compulsive when exposed to drug associated stimuli

Question 21

Behaviour caused by the expectancy of reward is caused by what kind of association?

Answer 21

An S-O association

Question 22

Signal learning is also referred to as what type of association?

Answer 22

An S-O association

Question 23

What type of association is being demonstrated when an animal responds a certain way because a stimulus activates a memory of that past response eliciting a reward?

Answer 23

An S-O association

Question 24

T or F: Signal learning is likely established through Pavlovian processes, not instrumental processes.

Answer 24

False. Signal learning is likely established through Pavlovian processes interacting with instrumental processes.

Question 25

What feature of the instrumental response ensures the participant will always experience certain distinctive stimuli in connection with making a response?

Answer 25

Specification of the instrumental response

Question 26

In S-O associations, do pairing between the S and O provide the potential for classical or instrumental conditioning?

Answer 26

Classical conditioning

Question 27

Which theory assumes that there are two distinct types of learning and that they are related in a special way?

Answer 27

The two-process theory

Question 28

What are the two distinct types of learning outlines in the two-process theory?

Answer 28

- Pavlovian/ classical conditioning - Instrumental/ operant conditioning

Question 29

How does the two-process theory propose instrumental and classical conditioning interact?

Answer 29

The stimuli present when the instrumental response is reinforced during an instrumental conditioning procedure becomes associated with the response outcome through classical conditioning

Question 30

According to the two-process theory, instrumental conditioning is assumed to create what type of association?

Answer 30

An S-R association

Question 31

According to the two-process theory, classical conditioning is assumed to create what type of association?

Answer 31

An S-O association

Question 32

According to the two-process theory, what type of association is assumed to activate an emotional state that motivated instrumental behaviour?

Answer 32

An S-O association

Question 33

What basic experimental design was used to evaluate the two-process theory?

Answer 33

The Pavlovian instrumental transfer (PIT) experiment

Question 34

What are the three phases involved in the Pavlovian instrumental transfer test?

Answer 34

- Phase 1: Instrumental training - Phase 2: Pavlovian training - Phase 3: Transfer phase

Question 35

What occurs during the instrumental phase of a PIT test?

Answer 35

Participants receive standard instrumental conditioning

Question 36

What occurs/what type of association is formed during the Pavlovian training phase of a PIT test?

Answer 36

Participants receive a pure Pavlovian conditioning procedure to form an S-O association

Question 37

According to the two-process theory, if a Pavlovian S-O association motivates instrumental behaviour, should the rate of lever pressing increase or decrease when an appetitive CS is presented?

Answer 37

Rate of lever pressing should increase

Question 38

According to the two-process theory, if a Pavlovian S-O association motivates instrumental behaviour, should the rate of lever pressing increase or decrease when an aversive CS is presented?

Answer 38

Rate of lever pressing should decrease

Question 39

In the PIT test conducted by Krank et al., was increased lever pressing observed when the light CS was presented on the same side or the opposite side as the lever the rat was pressing?

Answer 39

The same side

Question 40

In the PIT test conducted by Krank et al., how were the chambers manipulated to ensure that no S-R association could be formed during the Pavlovian phase?

Answer 40

The levers were removed from the chambers

Question 41

In the PIT test conducted by Krank et al., what overt response was observed in the rats during the Pavlovian phase that may explain the results?

Answer 41

Sign tracking

Question 42

What theory did Toleman propose that was in direct contrast to Thorndike's law of effect?

Answer 42

The cognitive expectancy theory

Question 43

Who believed that instrumental behaviours are purposeful and organized around goals?

Answer 43

Edward Tolman

Question 44

Tolman proposed that an expectancy is a three term association between what?

Answer 44

- S1: Representation of the stimulus situation that preceded the response - R: Representation of the response - S2: Representation of the outcome produced by the response

Question 45

Who proposed the S1-R-S2 association?

Answer 45

Edward Tolman

Question 46

Did Tolman describe actions as more of a conscious or unconscious process?

Answer 46

Conscious

Question 47

T or F: Tolman's cognitive expectancy theory places little emphasis on the value of the outcome produced by an instrumental behaviour.

Answer 47

False. Cognitive expectancy theory places heavy emphasis on the value of the outcome produced by the instrumental behaviour.

Question 48

Thorndike proposed that associations form habits, whereas Tolman proposed that associations form what?

Answer 48

Expectancies

Question 49

What are the two categories of instrumental behaviour?

Answer 49

- Action - Habit

Question 50

Actions and habits differ along what four main dimensions?

Answer 50

- Purpose - Associative structure - Sensitivity to outcomes - Flexibility

Question 51

In terms of purpose, how do actions and habits differ?

Answer 51

- Actions: Purposeful and goal directed - Habits: Not purposeful nor goal directed (outcomes aren't considered)

Question 52

In terms of associative structure, how do actions and habits differ?

Answer 52

- Actions: System acquires expectancies - Habits: System acquires S-R associations

Question 53

In terms of sensitivity to outcomes, how do actions and habits differ?

Answer 53

- Actions: Sensitive to response-reward contingencies - Habits: Not sensitive to response-reward contingencies

Question 54

In terms of flexibility, how do actions and habits differ?

Answer 54

- Actions: Flexible and rapidly responds to change - Habits: Flexible but gradually responds to change

Question 55

What can be used to determine if a behaviour is an action or a habit?

Answer 55

Reward devaluation

Question 56

If a response is an action, what will happen to that response once the reward is devalued?

Answer 56

The response may not occur

Question 57

If a response is a habit, what will happen to that response once the reward is devalued?

Answer 57

The response will continue to be produced

Question 58

A goal-direction behaviour, or action, is considered to be driven by what type of association?

Answer 58

An R-O association

Question 59

A habit is considered to be driven by what type of association?

Answer 59

An S-R association

Question 60

If devaluation of the outcome disrupts instrumental conditioning, what type of association is assumed to represent the dominating behaviour?

Answer 60

An R-O association

Question 61

If devaluation of the outcome does not disrupt instrumental conditioning, what type of association is assumed to represent the dominating behaviour?

Answer 61

An S-R association

Question 62

In the Hogarth & Chase study of reward devaluation with chocolate and cigarettes, was one option preferred over the other prior to devaluation?

Answer 62

No

Question 63

In the Hogarth & Chase study of reward devaluation with chocolate and cigarettes, devaluation produced a decline in behaviour specific to which reward?

Answer 63

Decline in behaviour specific to the response whose reinforcer had been devalued

Question 64

Studies of reward devaluation show that prolonged training results in what type of association?

Answer 64

An S-R association

Question 65

Studies of reward devaluation show that limited training results in what type of association?

Answer 65

An R-O association

Question 66

When undergoing only a few training sessions, was lever pressing for sucrose pellets reduced in animals after the devaluation procedure?

Answer 66

Yes

Question 67

T or F: Cocaine seeking is resistant to reinforcer devaluation after both a long and brief cocaine taking history.

Answer 67

False. Resistant to reinforcer devaluation after a long, but not brief, cocaine taking history.

Question 68

Inactivation of which brain area reinstates sensitivity to reinforcer devaluation?

Answer 68

The dorsolateral striatum

Question 69

Which brain area shows particularly high activation during habitual behaviour?

Answer 69

The dorsolateral striatum