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PSYC*2330 > PSYC*2330 Chapter 2: Elicited Behaviour, Habituation, and Sensitization > Flashcards

PSYC*2330 Chapter 2: Elicited Behaviour, Habituation, and Sensitization Flashcards

1
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A close relation between a stimulus and a response mediated by a neural circuit

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2
Q

What is the simplest elicited behaviour?

A

A reflex

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3
Q

Descartes’ belief that sensory inputs and motor outputs used the same nerves was disproven by which finding?

A

If sensory input was cut, motor output remains and if motor output was cut, sensory input remains

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4
Q

Descartes’ belief that reflexes were mediated by animal spirits released by the pineal gland was disproven by which finding?

A

That nerves can function independently of brain input

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5
Q

Descartes’ belief that animal spirits enlarge muscles for contraction was disproven by which finding?

A

That gasses do not expand muscle size (a contracted muscle has the same volume as a relaxed muscle)

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6
Q

T or F: Simple reflexes cannot be influenced by higher nervous system activity

A

False

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7
Q

T or F: Stimuli always elicit reflexes.

A

False. Almost always, but not every time.

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8
Q

Does the vigour of a response necessarily reflect the intensity of the releasing stimulus?

A

No

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9
Q

T or F: A stimulus can release the inhibition of a response.

A

True

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10
Q

T or F: All reflexes are innate.

A

False. New reflexes can be learned through associations.

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11
Q

T or F: Responses to stimuli can change as a result of experience.

A

True

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12
Q

What represents the fewest neural connections necessary for a reflex action?

A

The reflex arc

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13
Q

What three neurons form the reflex arc?

A
  • Sensory neurons
  • Interneurons
  • Motor neurons
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14
Q

What are sensory neurons also referred to as?

A

Afferent neurons

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15
Q

What are motor neurons also referred to as?

A

Efferent neurons

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16
Q

What are modal/fixed action patterns?

A

Complex patterns of behaviour shared between members of a species

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17
Q

Are modal action patterns instinctual or learned?

A

Instinctual

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18
Q

T or F: Modal action patterns can be very complex and occur over an extended period of time.

A

True

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19
Q

What is a sign stimulus?

A

A specific feature of an object or animal that elicits a modal action pattern

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20
Q

What is a supernormal stimulus?

A

An exaggerated sign stimulus

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21
Q

What did William James propose about the psychology of instincts?

A

Instincts can be overridden by experience and each other, as many instincts are already in conflict

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22
Q

How do the principles of psychology and biology define instincts differently?

A
  • Psychology: Instincts are motivators of behaviour
  • Biology: Instincts are behaviours
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23
Q

In chicks, the tectofugal pathway is essential for what?

A

The recognition of colours, shapes, and the motions of objects

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24
Q

In chicks, the thalamofugal pathway is important for what?

A

Visual learning

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25
Q

What are appetitive behaviours?

A

Searching behaviours that serve to bring an organism into contact with a sign stimulus

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26
Q

T or F: Appetitive behaviours are not flexible.

A

False

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27
Q

What are consummatory behaviours?

A

Behaviours that serve to bring about consummation or completion (usually modal action patterns)

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28
Q

T or F: Distinct brain areas manage appetitive and consummatory behaviour.

A

True

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29
Q

T or F: Instincts can be appetitive or consummatory.

A

True

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30
Q

Which two processes can be triggered by repeated stimulation?

A
  • Habituation
  • Sensitization
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31
Q

What is habituation?

A

A decrease in an elicited behaviour due to repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus

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32
Q

T or F: Habituation is both stimulus and response specific.

A

True

33
Q

What is a variable that influences the rate of habituation?

A

Attention to the stimulus

34
Q

What is dishabituation?

A

The restoration of a habituated response to full strength

35
Q

Does a dishabituating stimulus need to elicit a response itself in order to change the habituated response back to normal?

A

No

36
Q

In terms of habituation to visual stimuli in infants, did habituation occur faster to complex or simple stimuli?

A

Habituation occurred faster to simpler stimuli

37
Q

When presented with complex stimuli, what was the pattern of habituation showed by infants?

A

They had an initial increase in attention followed by slower habituation

38
Q

When habituated to simple stimuli, do babies became dishabituated after being presented with more complex stimuli or less complex stimuli?

A

More complex stimuli, but not less complex stimuli, caused dishabituation

39
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

the return of responding to baseline levels produced by a period of rest after habituation or sensitization

40
Q

What are two ways in which dishabituation can occur?

A
  • Novelty of the stimulus
  • Delay in receiving stimulus
41
Q

What long-term habituation?

A

Habituation that occurs when stimuli are presented widely spaced in time

42
Q

What is short-term habituation?

A

Habituation that occurs when stimuli are presented very closely in time

43
Q

Do repeated presentations of a stimulus always result in both long-term and short-term habituation?

A

No

44
Q

In terms of spontaneous recovery, how do long-term and short-term habituation differ?

A
  • Long-term: Responses can be restored to some extent, but spontaneous recovery is never complete
  • Short-term: Spontaneous recovery occurs following a period without stimulation
45
Q

What is sensitization?

A

An increase in an elicited behaviour due to repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus or from exposure to a strong extraneous stimulus

46
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

A temporary reduction in the sensitivity of sense organs caused by repeated or excessive stimulation

47
Q

What is response fatigue?

A

When a reflex does not occur due to fatigue causing incapacitation of effector muscles

48
Q

What is the main way in which sensory adaptation and response fatigue differ from habituation?

A
  • Sensory adaptation and response fatigue: Occur outside the nervous system in sense organs and receptors
  • Habituation: Process occurs within nervous system
49
Q

In terms of attention, why are habituation and sensitization particularly useful?

A

They facilitate the direction of attention toward stimuli that are presumably more important in certain scenarios

50
Q

T or F: Regardless of their intrinsic meaning, threatening cues prompt somatic and autonomic reactions of defence.

A

True

51
Q

T or F: Fear does not sensitize the startle response.

A

False

52
Q

Which theory assumes that different types of underlying neural processes are responsible for increases and decreases in responsiveness to stimulation?

A

The dual-process theory

53
Q

T or F: According to the dual-process theory, habituation and sensitization are mutually exclusive.

A

False

54
Q

According to the dual-process theory, habituation and sensitization are the result of what?

A

The sum of both habituation and sensitization processes

55
Q

What is the stimulus-response system?

A

The shortest neural pathway that connects eliciting stimuli and elicited responses (can be viewed as the reflex arc)

56
Q

T or F: Each eliciting stimulus activates the S-R system and causes a build-up of habituation.

A

True

57
Q

Where is habituation assumed to occur?

A

The stimulus-response system

58
Q

What is the state system?

A

Neural structures that determine the general level of responsiveness/arousal of the organism

59
Q

Where is sensitization thought to occur?

A

The state system

60
Q

In terms of their activation, how do the stimulus-response system and state system differ?

A
  • S-R system: Activated with every eliciting stimulus
  • State system: Only activated by arousing events
61
Q

When tested with quiet background noise, did rats habituate or sensitize their startle response?

A

Quiet background noise habituated startle response

62
Q

When tested with loud background noise, did rats habituate or sensitize their startle response?

A

Loud background noise sensitized the startle response

63
Q

What is the opponent process theory of motivation?

A

The assumption that the mechanisms involved in emotional behaviour serve to maintain emotional stability

64
Q

What are the three characteristics of emotional reactions at the core of the opponent process theory of motivation?

A
  • Emotional reactions are biphasic
  • The primary reaction becomes weaker/ habituates with repeated stimulation
  • The weakening of the primary reaction is accompanied by the strengthening of the after-reaction
65
Q

Which process in the opponent process theory is elicited by a biologically significant stimulus?

A

The primary process/ a process

66
Q

What is the opponent process/ b process?

A

A compensatory mechanism that occurs in response to the primary process

67
Q

T or F: The opponent process causes changes opposite of those caused by the primary process.

A

True

68
Q

According to the dual-process and opponent-process theories, do effects always reflect the combined processes that caused them?

A

Not necessarily

69
Q

T or F: When a stimulus is first presented, the a process occurs unopposed by the b process, allowing the reaction to reach its peak.

A

True

70
Q

What happens when an initial stimulus is withdrawn and the a process returns to baseline?

A

There is nothing to oppose the b process, so its opponent effect becomes evident

71
Q

How does the opponent process theory explain why familiar stimuli don’t elicit strong reactions when presented, but have much stronger after-reactions when removed?

A

The theory assumes that the b process becomes strengthened with repeated use

72
Q

What happens when the mantle or siphon of an aplysia is touched?

A

A reflexive withdrawal response is elicited

73
Q

How is the fact that habituation is stimulus specific demonstrated using aplysias?

A

Repeatedly touching the siphon has no effect on the gill reflex elicited by touching the mantle, and vice versa

74
Q

Does a slight shock to the tail of an aplysia enhance the gill reflex in response to touching the mantle. siphon, or both?

A

Both

75
Q

What is the physiology behind habituation?

A

Repeated stimulation inactivates some Ca2+ channels which reduces the amount of Ca2+ entering the cell, resulting in less transmitter being released and a weaker response

76
Q

What is the physiology behind sensitization?

A

Sensitization engages the interneurons, which causes increased neurotransmitter release and a stronger response

77
Q

What is the physiological consequence of long-term habituation?

A

Reduced synaptic connections

78
Q

What is the physiological consequence of long-term sensitization?

A

Increased synaptic connections

79
Q

T or F: Habituation and sensitization are limited in their capacity to predict outcomes.

A

True

PSYC*2330 (13 decks)

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