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PSYC*2330 > PSYC*2330 Chapter 10: Aversive Control (Avoidance and Punishment) > Flashcards

PSYC*2330 Chapter 10: Aversive Control (Avoidance and Punishment) Flashcards

1
Q

In which type of instrumental procedure does a participant’s behaviour prevent the delivery of an aversive stimulus?

A

Avoidance procedures

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2
Q

Does avoidance involve a positive or negative contingency between an instrumental response and an aversive stimulus?

A

Negative contingency

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3
Q

Do avoidance procedures increase or decrease the occurrence of instrumental behaviour?

A

Increase

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4
Q

T or F: Punishment can also be referred to as “active avoidance”?

A

False. Punishment is also known as “passive avoidance” and avoidance is also known as “active avoidance.”

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5
Q

In which type of instrumental conditioning procedure does a participant’s behaviour cause the delivery of an aversive stimulus?

A

Punishment procedures

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6
Q

Does punishment involve a positive or negative contingency between an instrumental response and an aversive stimulus?

A

Positive contingency

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7
Q

Do punishment procedures increase or decrease the occurrence of instrumental behaviour?

A

Decrease

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8
Q

Vladimir Bechterev conducted the first of what type of experiment?

A

The first avoidance experiments with human participants

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9
Q

Why were Vladimir Bechterev’s experiments not instances of classical conditioning?

A

Participants could cancel the delivery of the US by performing a response, which isn’t possible with classical conditioning procedures

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10
Q

In which type of avoidance conditioning procedure are occurrences of the aversive stimulus signalled by a CS?

A

Discriminated avoidance procedures

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11
Q

Do discriminated avoidance procedures involve discrete or continuous trials?

A

Discrete

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12
Q

What are the two types of trials involved in a discriminated avoidance procedure?

A
  • Avoidance trials
  • Escape trials
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13
Q

What is an avoidance trial in a discriminated avoidance procedure?

A

A trial in which the avoidance response is made, causing the CS to be turned off and the aversive US to be omitted

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14
Q

What is an escape trial in a discriminated avoidance procedure?

A

A trial in which the avoidance response isn’t made and the aversive US is presented

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15
Q

During an escape trial in a discriminated avoidance procedure, when do both the CS and US terminate?

A

Once the instrumental avoidance response if performed

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16
Q

In which type of avoidance conditioning procedure does the required instrumental response consist of going back and forth between two sides of a shuttle box on successive trials?

A

Shuttle avoidance procedures

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17
Q

What is the difference between one-way and two-way shuttle avoidance?

A
  • One-way: Animal is placed on the same side of the shuttle box at the start of each trial and always moves from that side to the other
  • Two-way: Animal moves in both directions on successive trials
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18
Q

What’s easier to learn, one-way avoidance or two-avoidance?

A

One-way avoidance

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19
Q

What are the two mechanisms proposed by the Two-Process Theory of Avoidance to explain discriminated avoidance learning?

A
  • Classical conditioning of fear to the CS
  • Instrumental reinforcement of the avoidance response though termination of the CS and fear reduction
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20
Q

According to the Two-Process Theory of Avoidance, does classical conditioning or instrumental have to happen first to produce discriminated avoidance learning?

A

Classical conditioning

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21
Q

What is the reinforcer in avoidance procedures?

A

The absence of an unpleasant stimulus

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22
Q

In what type of procedure do subjects learn an instrumental response in order to escape from or terminate a CS that elicits fear?

A

Escape from fear procedures

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23
Q

What is the basic strategy involved in an escape from fear procedure?

A
  • Phase 1: Pure classical conditioning causes a CS to elicit fear
  • Phase 2: Instrumental responding turns off the CS and the aversive stimulus is omitted
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24
Q

Do results from escape from fear procedures support or contradict the Two-Process Theory of Avoidance?

A

Support

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25
Q

If it’s true that fear motivates and reinforces avoidance, what would the relationship between conditioning of fear and conditioning of avoidance behaviour look like?

A

As conditioning of fear increases, so should conditioning of avoidance (should be highly correlated)

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26
Q

Independent measurement of fear during acquisition of avoidance behaviour is an approach based on what assumption?

A

Assumes that as conditioning of fear increases, so does conditioning of avoidance (they are highly correlated)

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27
Q

Is the assumption that conditioning of fear and conditioning of avoidance are highly correlated always correct?

A

No

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28
Q

When are the conditioning of fear and conditioning of avoidance highly correlated?

A

Only early in training

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29
Q

T or F: Avoidance responding may persist without much fear exhibited towards the CS.

A

True

30
Q

T or F: Both people and animals are more fearful as they become more proficient in performing avoidance responses.

A

False. They are less fearful.

31
Q

T or F: Avoidance behaviour quickly terminates when the US is no longer presented.

A

False. It persists for a long time.

32
Q

What is response blocking?

A

When the subject is exposed to a fearful CS without the opportunity to make an avoidance response

33
Q

What is the procedure for extinguishing avoidance behaviour in which response blocking is utilized?

A

Flooding

34
Q

What is the most effective extinction procedure for avoidance behaviour?

A

Flooding

35
Q

Do longer or shorter exposures to the CS without US lead to more successful extinction of avoidance responding?

A

Longer exposures

36
Q

T or F: Blocking access to an avoidance response can facilitate extinction of avoidance, even if response blocking doesn’t increase CS duration.

A

True

37
Q

Can instrumental avoidance responses still be learned if there is no warning stimulus (CS) prior to an aversive US?

A

Yes

38
Q

In which type of avoidance conditioning procedure are occurrences of the aversive stimulus not signalled by external stimuli?

A

Non-discriminative avoidance procedures

39
Q

What are the two time intervals that construct non-discriminative avoidance procedures?

A
  • The shock-shock (S-S) interval: Time between shocks in the absence of an avoidance response
  • The response-shock (R-S) interval: Period of safety created by the avoidance response
40
Q

In non-discriminative avoidance procedures, what serves as the safety signal/conditioned inhibitor of fear?

A

Response cues

41
Q

In non-discriminative avoidance procedures, what serves as the reinforcement for avoidance behaviour?

A

The safety period that occurs after responding

42
Q

In non-discriminative avoidance procedures, do shorter or longer S-S intervals result in faster learning?

A

Shorter S-S intervals

43
Q

In non-discriminative avoidance procedures, do shorter or longer R-S intervals result in faster learning?

A

Longer R-S intervals

44
Q

In non-discriminative avoidance procedures, which interval must be longer for participants to learn that their response has an effect?

A

The R-S interval must be longer than the S-S interval

45
Q

T or F: Non-discriminative avoidance procedures require the participant to have temporal awareness.

A

True

46
Q

What are response feedback cues?

A

The internal stimuli produced by making skeletal responses

47
Q

What are safety signals?

A

Stimuli that signal the absence of an aversive event

48
Q

What does the safety-signal hypothesis propose?

A

The response feedback cues of an avoidance response become safety signals and provide reinforcement for that avoidance response

49
Q

What does the shock-frequency reduction hypothesis propose?

A

That a reduction in the frequency of shock rather than the complete avoidance of shock serves to reinforce avoidance behaviour

50
Q

Is the shock-frequency reduction hypothesis supported by evidence?

A

No

51
Q

T or F: A lack of concern with what an organism does during the first few trials of avoidance conditioning is a weakness of many theories.

A

True

52
Q

What are species-specific defence reactions (SSDRs)?

A

Species-typical responses performed during aversive situations

53
Q

What is assumed to control an organism’s behaviour during the early stages of avoidance training?

A

Species-specific defence reactions (SSDRs)

54
Q

What is the major prediction of the SSDR theory?

A

Instrumental responses similar to the SSDR will be more easily learned in avoidance experiments than responses unrelated to SSDRs

55
Q

Has more attention been focused on studying avoidance or punishment?

A

Punishment

56
Q

What did Thorndike and Skinner wrongly conclude about punishment?

A

That punishment wasn’t effective for controlling behaviour and only had temporary effects

57
Q

T or F: If applied incorrectly, punishment procedures can have unintended collateral effects.

A

True

58
Q

If a punishment procedure is effective, what happens to the target response?

A

It becomes suppressed

59
Q

How do laboratory studies of punishment typically begin?

A

With a preliminary phase in which the target response is first established with positive reinforcement

60
Q

What term refers to the period during which the opportunity to obtain positive reinforcement is removed?

A

Time-out

61
Q

T or F: Time-outs are inherently aversive.

A

False

62
Q

What type of punishment discourages behaviour by requiring the individual to go beyond simply rectifying a mistake?

A

Overcorrection

63
Q

Is the intensity of stimuli positively or negatively correlated to its effectiveness?

A

Positively (as intensity increases, so does its effectiveness)

64
Q

T or F: How an organism responds during their initial expose to punishment determines how they will respond to subsequent punishment.

A

True

65
Q

T or F: Gradually increasing the intensity of a stimulus is more effective for punishment than exposure to an intense stimulus from the beginning.

A

False

66
Q

Does initial exposure to mild punishment produce more or less response suppression when exposed to the mild punishment again?

A

Less suppression

67
Q

Does initial exposure to intense punishment produce more or less response suppression when later exposed to the mild punishment?

A

More suppression

68
Q

What is response-contingent aversive stimulation?

A

The aversive stimulus is triggered by the instrumental response

69
Q

What is response-independent aversive stimulation?

A

The aversive stimulus is presented regardless of behaviour

70
Q

Is response-contingent or response-independent aversive stimulation more effecting in suppressing behaviour?

A

Response-contingent aversive stimulation

71
Q

Does increasing the delay of punishment cause more or less suppression of behaviour?

A

Less

72
Q

Is a high or low FR schedule of punishment more effective at suppressing behaviour?

A

Low FR schedule

PSYC*2330 (13 decks)

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