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PSYC*2330 > PSYC*2330 Chapter 3: Classical Conditioning Foundations > Flashcards

PSYC*2330 Chapter 3: Classical Conditioning Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the simplest mechanism whereby organisms learn about the relations between two events?

A

Classical conditioning

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2
Q

What is object learning?

A

The learning of associations between different features of an object

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3
Q

What is a conditional stimulus?

A

A stimulus that doesn’t initially elicit a particular response, but comes to do so when associated with an unconditional stimulus

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4
Q

What is an unconditional stimulus?

A

A stimulus that elicits a response without prior training

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5
Q

What is a conditional response?

A

The response that comes to be elicited by the conditional stimulus due to training

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6
Q

What is an unconditional response?

A

The response elicited to a stimulus without prior training

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7
Q

T or F: The CR and UR are always the same.

A

False

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8
Q

What is the typical US in eye blink conditioning?

A

A puff of air to the eye

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9
Q

What is the typical CS in eye blink conditioning?

A

An auditory tone

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10
Q

What is the UR in eye blink conditioning?

A

An eye blink

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11
Q

What is the CR in eye blink conditioning?

A

An eye blink

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12
Q

What is the typical US in fear conditioning?

A

A shock

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13
Q

What are three typical CS in fear conditioning?

A
  • A light
  • A tone
  • Context
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14
Q

What is the UR in fear conditioning?

A

Jumping

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15
Q

What is the CR in fear conditioning?

A

Freezing

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16
Q

What is the typical US in place conditioning?

A

Drugs

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17
Q

What is the CS in place conditioning?

A

The environmental context

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18
Q

What is the typical UR in place conditioning?

A

The effects of the drug

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19
Q

What are the two potential CR in place conditioning?

A
  • Approach
  • Avoidance
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20
Q

What is the typical US in taste conditioning?

A

Illness

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21
Q

What is the typical CS in taste conditioning?

A

Flavour

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22
Q

What is the UR in taste conditioning?

A

Nausea/negative affect

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23
Q

What is the CS in taste conditioning?

A

Nausea/negative affect

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24
Q

What is conditioned suppression?

A

The suppression of ongoing behaviour produced by the presentation of a CS that elicits fear

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25
Q

How is the suppression ratio calculated?

A

A/(A+B)
A= the total # of responses with CS
B= the total # of responses before the CS

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26
Q

What are the three phases of place conditioning?

A
  • Pre-test phase
  • Place conditioning phase
  • Test of preference
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27
Q

What occurs during the pretest phase of place conditioning?

A

The rat is given access to both compartments and the time spent in each is measured without US

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28
Q

What occurs during the place conditioning phase of a place conditioning procedure?

A

The rat switches between being is placed in the US compartment and the non-US compartment

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29
Q

What occurs during the test of preference phase of place conditioning?

A

The rat is given access to both compartments and the time spent in each is measured without US

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30
Q

What is conditioned place preference?

A

When the pairing of a specific context/environment with the US evoked an approach response to that context/environment (more time spent in US compartment)

31
Q

What is conditioned place aversion/avoidance?

A

When the pairing of a specific context/environment with the US evoked an avoidance response to that context/environment (less time spent in US compartment)

32
Q

What is it called when an organism moves towards or makes contact with a stimulus that signals the availability of a positive reinforcer?

A

Sign tracking/ autoshaping

33
Q

What is it called when a conditioned organism is presented with CS, and they approach the location where the US is typically presented?

A

Goal tracking

34
Q

Do rats selectively bred for high locomotor responsivity show sign tracking or goal tracking when in a novel environment?

A

Sign tracking

35
Q

Do rats selectively bred for low locomotor responsivity show sign tracking or goal tracking when in a novel environment?

A

Goal tracking

36
Q

T or F: Taste aversions are selective for novel tastes.

A

True

37
Q

What is evaluative conditioning?

A

Changing the liking of an initially neutral stimulus by associating it with something that is already liked or disliked

38
Q

What is a conditioning trial?

A

A training episode involving the presentation of a CS with or without a US

39
Q

What is an intertrial interval?

A

The amount of time between two successive trials

40
Q

What is an interstimulus interval/ CS-US interval?

A

The amount of time between the start of the CS and the start of the US

41
Q

For conditioned responses to develop, is it recommended to make the interstimulus interval longer or shorter than the intertrial interval?

A

It’s recommended to make the interstimulus interval much shorter than the intertrial interval

42
Q

What is the procedure for short-delayed conditioning?

A

The CS is presented less than a minute before the US on each trial

43
Q

What is the most frequently used procedure for classical conditioning?

A

Short-delayed conditioning

44
Q

T or F: In short-delayed conditioning, the CS may continue during the US or end when the US begins.

A

True

45
Q

What is the procedure for trace-conditioning?

A

The US is presented after the CS has been terminated for a short period of time

46
Q

What is a trace interval?

A

The period of time between the end of the CS and the start of the US in trace-conditioning trials

47
Q

T or F: Trace intervals can vary in length in a trace-conditioning procedure.

A

True

48
Q

Which conditioning procedure requires memory?

A

Trace-conditioning

49
Q

What is the procedure for long-delayed conditioning?

A

The CS is presented much before the US on each trial

50
Q

What is the difference between trace-conditioning and long-delayed conditioning?

A

In long-delayed conditioning, there is no trace interval (the CS continues until the US begins)

51
Q

What is the procedure for simultaneous conditioning?

A

The CS and US are presented at the same time on each trial

52
Q

What is the procedure for backwards conditioning?

A

The CS is presented shortly after the US on each trial

53
Q

What is a test trial?

A

Trials in which the CS is presented alone to assess the behaviour

54
Q

During a test trial, what does the magnitude of a response signify?

A

How strong the CR is or how much the CR occurs

55
Q

During a test trial, what does the probability of a response signify?

A

How likely the CS is to elicit the CR

56
Q

During a test trial, what does the latency of a response signify?

A

How soon after the CS the CR occurs

57
Q

What is it called when responding increases due to increased exposure to the US and not the establishment of an association?

A

Pseudo-conditioning

58
Q

What is required to determine if responses to a CS represent a genuine association and not pseudo-conditioning?

A

Control procedures

59
Q

What is a truly random control?

A

A procedure in which the CS and US are presented at random times with respect to each other

60
Q

What is an explicitly unpaired control?

A

A procedure in which the CS and US are presented far enough apart to prevent their association

61
Q

Which is more effective, truly random control or explicitly unpaired control?

A

Explicitly unpaired control

62
Q

What is inhibitory conditioning?

A

When the CS becomes a signal for the absence of the US

63
Q

What is needed for a conditioned inhibitor to acquire meaning?

A

An excitatory context/background for the US

64
Q

What are three procedures to induce conditioned inhibition?

A
  • Differential inhibition
  • Conditioned inhibition
  • Negative CS-US contingency
65
Q

What is involved in the differential inhibition procedure?

A

In an alternating or random fashion, the following occur:
- CS1 is paired with the US to become an excitatory CS (CS+)
- CS2 is presented with no US to become an inhibitory CS (CS-)

66
Q

What is involved in the conditioned inhibition procedure?

A

In an alternating or random fashion, the following occur:
- CS1 is paired with the US to become an excitatory CS (CS+)
- CS1, CS2, and no US are presented together and CS2 becomes an inhibitory CS (CS-)

67
Q

What is involved in the negative CS-US contingency procedure?

A

The US is periodically presented by itself, but after each occurrence of the CS- there is a predictable absence of the US for a while

68
Q

What are bidirectional response systems?

A

Responses that change in opposite directions depending on the presentation of conditioned excitation or inhibition

69
Q

What are two ways to test conditioned inhibition?

A
  • Compound-stimulus test/ summation test
  • Retardation of acquisition test
70
Q

How does a compound-stimulus test/ summation test determine if a stimulus is a conditioned inhibitor?

A

If the presentation of a CS- disrupts or suppresses responding that would normally be elicited by the CS+

71
Q

How does the retardation if acquisition test identify if a stimulus is a conditioned inhibitor?

A

If the previously conditioned CS- is slower to acquire excitatory properties than a comparison stimulus

72
Q

Why might results from a summation test provide a false positive?

A

Too much attention may have been paid to the CS-, diverting attention away from the CS+ rather than truly inhibiting a response

73
Q

Why might results from a retardation of acquisition test provide a false positive?

A

Too little attention may have been paid to the CS- given it was previously unreinforced in the first stage of training

PSYC*2330 (9 decks)

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