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PSY260 > PSY260 - 3. Habituation/Sensitization > Flashcards

PSY260 - 3. Habituation/Sensitization Flashcards

1
Q

Role of the single cell in learning and memory

A

Change probability that neuron will fire (short term)

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2
Q

Role of the single cell in learning and memory

A

Change connectivity with other cells (longterm)

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3
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

provides means of modifying strength of signal as it travels along neuronal path

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4
Q

likelihood of a post-synaptic response depends on

A

of activated synapses in close proximity (spatial summation)

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5
Q

likelihood of a post-synaptic response depends on

A 
# of signals arriving in close
succession (temporal summation)
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6
Q

likelihood of a post-synaptic response depends on

A

Synaptic strength

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7
Q

Action Potentials in Synapse

A

graph of synapse

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8
Q

Synapses

A

1) carry signals rapidly from cell to cell

specialized cell-cell contact point

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9
Q

Synapses

A

2) electrical/chemical connections betw neurons/neuron + an effector (muscle, gland)
[changes in ion permeability are central to chemical synapse function]

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10
Q

Synapses

A

3) excitatory/inhibitory

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11
Q

Chemical synapses:

A

1) complex action

2) slower

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12
Q

Chemical synapses:

A

3) has delay of 0.3 to 3 ms

4) excitatory or inhibitory

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13
Q

Chemical synapses:

A

5) can amplify current flow

6) unidirectional (presynaptic -> postsynaptic cell)

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14
Q

Chemical synapses:

A

7)can modify properties based on recent history (have plasticity + can be strengthened with use + weakened by disuse)

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15
Q

Electrical synapses:

A

1) simple action

2) faster, no delay

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16
Q

Electrical synapses:

A

3) mostly excitatory

4) cannot amplify current flow/modify properties

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17
Q

Electrical synapses:

A

5) Bidirectional

6) Can summate over multiple cells

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18
Q

Action potential translation

A 
Action potential reaches synapse
Ca enters terminal
Vesicles move to membrane + fuse
Neurotransmitter is released
Reuptake of transmitter + recycling of membrane
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19
Q

Variety of receptor types

A

GPCR
G Protein
Effector

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20
Q

Two modes of action in chemical synapses:

A

A) Inotropic actions:

  • fast
  • ligand-gated channels
  • affects membrane potential
  • act by changing membrane potential
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21
Q

Two modes of action in chemical synapses:

A

B) Metabotropic actions:

  • slower
  • G protein-coupled receptors
  • act by changing intracellular biochemistry
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22
Q

Synaptic strength

A

=Synaptic modification: (Plasticity)

Habituation/Sensitization Facilitation/Potentiation

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23
Q

aplysia

A

we can produce/modify behaviours because of simple nervous system
few behaviours: daytime it moves + eats
protective behaviour: no moving

24
Q

Habituation in Aplysia gill withdrawal

A

initially withdraw its gills when something comes in contact with siphon/mantle shelf
after contact proceeds for many minutes ⇒ decrease withdrawal behavior

25
Q

Sensitization in Aplysia gill withdrawal

A

receives shock to the head ⇒ once again retract its gills in response to stimulation by siphon

26
Q

Facilitation

A

making it easier to get signal across the synapse (more transmitter released)

27
Q

Depression

A

making it harder (less transmitter release)

28
Q

Potentiation: making the post-synaptic response larger

A

(larger response for the same amount of transmitter)

29
Q

Induction and maintenance of LTP in the hippocampus

A

1) NMDA receptor opens only when both pre and post synaptic neurons are firing; after tetanic stimulation
2) Spine head enlarges, and more Glu receptors are added

30
Q

Facilitation vs.potentiation

A

-

31
Q

Long term potientiation (LTP)

A

-

32
Q

Long term depression

A

-

33
Q

Synaptic transmission can be altered in many ways

A

-

34
Q

LONGER TERM CHANGES

A

Changes in receptor senstivity/number
• Changes in gene transcription
• Changes in synapse number/neuron shape

35
Q

Facilitation

A

releasable neurotransmitter pool is increased

36
Q

Habituation (synaptic depression)

A

neurotransmitter pool is depleted

37
Q

Potentiation

A

high-frequency stimulation cause a lasting change in responding ⇒ hippocampal neurons respond to subsequent weak stimulation

38
Q

Long-term potentiation [LTP]

A

synaptic transmission more effective as result of recent activity
postsynaptic neurons changed to become more responsive to subsequent inputs: heightened sensitivity to neurotransmitter
changes to presynaptic neurons
way to strengthen neuronal connections
need a process that can decrease strength of less useful synapses

39
Q

Long-term depression [LTD]

A

synaptic transmission becomes less effective as result of recent activity
Connections betw neurons that don’t fire together weaken

40
Q

Sensitization

A
  • Experiences with arousing stimulus ⇒ stronger responses to later stimulus
  • Seen in a wide range of species
  • Not stimulus specific
  • Exposure to sensitizing stimulus can amplify startle response to any stimulus that comes later
41
Q

Sensitization

A

Larger neurotransmitter pool is replaced

42
Q

Dual process theory

A
  • Repeated events always lead to processes underlying both sensitization and habituation
  • Both sensitization + habituation processes occur in response to every stimulus + summed combo of independent processes that determine strength of responding
  • Actual outcome – strength of the response – depends on – how often stimulus has been repeated + how intense in recent was sensitizing event
43
Q

Dual process theory

A

•Can depend on whether other stimuli have activated state system
•Both processes change over time so it’s the largest effects of repetition always occur in early exposures
•Emotional responses to extreme events: initial phase of scary followed by rebound effect of exhilaration. After repeated experiences, initial fear responses become weaker, whereas rebound responses grow stronger
well-suited to explain short-term habituation

44
Q

Opponent process theory

A

assumes experienced event leads to 2 independent processes: 2 emotional processes, 1 pleasurable + 1 less pleasant. Overall emotion one experiences in response to event is combined result of 2 independent processes

45
Q

Perceptual learning

A
  • Learning in which repeated experiences with set of stimuli makes stimuli easier to distinguish
  • develop capacities to detect subtle differences through repeated exposures to stimuli
46
Q

Mere exposure learning

A
  • Latent learning

* Perceptual learning without explicit training

47
Q

Discrimination training

A
  • Training to respond diff to diff stimuli
  • Perceptual learning shows high degree of learning specificity: learning about 1 group of stimuli doesn’t transfer automatically to other stimuli
  • Perceptual learning is stimulus specific
48
Q

Comparator model

A

changes in responses to repeated events/consequence of gradual construction of neural representations of stimuli + context in which they occur
•brain detects stimulus - forms representation of stimulus + compares it with memories of previously experienced stimuli
no match ⇒ response triggered, provoking organism to further examine stimulus
partial match ⇒ existing representation modified to include additional details
good match ⇒ orienting response supressed + no changes made to representation
better account for long-term habituation and perceptual learning

49
Q

Differentiation theory

A

representations of stimuli initially formed rapidly + vaguely, become more precise overtime by incorporating further details as stimulus is repeated
•Assumes brain limited in how much info it can collect in single exposure
•More complete representations allow more accurate discriminatory judgments betw + recognition of stimuli

50
Q

cortical plasticity

A
  • Learns to recognize stimulus differences not noticed before, sensory neurons may change how they respond to events overtime
  • Somatosensory cortex has similar homunculus that maps part of body receiving touch messages
  • Sensory Cortices is our specially important for making distinctions
  • Sensory Cortices is our areas of cerebral cortex that process visual stimuli, auditory stimuli, so Maddow sensory stimuli and so on
  • With in each of these brain regions, individual neurons respond to different stimulus features
51
Q

cortical plasticity

A
  • Receptive Field: Range of stimuli that cause particular cortical neurons to fire
  • in somatosensory cortex, receptive field is defined as patch of skin or tissue that when stimulated causes neurons to fire
  • More neurons that are tuned to a particular type, source or strength of stimulus, better to organism will be able to make find distinctions related to that stimulus
  • Spatial organization of somatosensory cortex reflects the fact that neurons with similar receptive fields are often found closer together and sensory Cortices
52
Q

cortical plasticity

A

• Topographic map: Clusters organized in predictable ways, pattern of cortical organization
o Cortical neurons that are physically close together are tuned to similar stimulus features
• Neighboring cortical neurons have overlapping receptive fields
• Receptive fields of neurons and sensory cortices is changed during early development and also after various injuries and as a result of repeated experiences
• Cortical plasticity: capacity for cortical receptive fields and cortical spatial organization to change as a result of experience
• Perception may also change over time

53
Q

Hebbian learning

A
  • Neurons that fire together wired together
  • Learning that involve strengthening connections between cells that work together
  • Connections between coactive neurons are strengthened as a result
  • Repeated collectivity has a cumulative effect, resulting in strong connections
  • Repeated exposure to stimulus can strengthen connections within distinctive subset of cortical neurons
  • Provides a possible neural mechanisms for representational processes proposed in comparator models and differentiation theories of perceptual learning
  • And also explain how repeated exposures facilitate recognition
  • Priming might then be explained as a strengthening of existing connections
54
Q

Identifying places

A
  • Place cells: neurons with such spatially two and firing patterns
  • Place field: each neuron has certain preferred location to which it responds with maximal activity
  • Create place cells as you need them
  • Place fields should form during learning
  • Place cell responses also depend heavily on visual inputs
  • Importance of visual landmarks in determining when I hippocampal place cell will fire
55
Q

Identifying places

A
  • Some place cells in rats seem to be sensitive to other variables such as speed or direction in which rat is moving
  • Place cells respond like sensory cortical neurons with multimodal receptive fields
  • One factor affecting creation of place fields is experience
  • When the rats repeatedly experience in environment, place cells become increasingly tuned to locations within that environment
  • Spatial learning that occurs during expiration is correlated with changes instability and selectivity of place cells

PSY260 (14 decks)

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