Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY260 > PSY260 - 12. Working Memory > Flashcards

PSY260 - 12. Working Memory Flashcards

1
Q

How does an organism’s nervous system change in such a way that it can adapt with experience: a. b. c.
Non-associative (global changes, automatic or implicit, not linked to events)

A

tool is plasticity
changes in communication betw neurons that subserve memory
nothing changes unless physical change in the brain: #/strength of synapses - can be biochemical changes
conditioning - used to circumstances + adapting physiology to do better in circumstances, not at explicit level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does an organism’s nervous system change in such a way that it can adapt with experience: Associative (allows retention of information about the organism and its environment – predictive)

A

associative: predictive, explicit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does an organism’s nervous system change in such a way that it can adapt with experience: Other (time memory) – not episodic memory!

A

biochemical oscillator malleable: programmed to register time of day
time memory: separate mechanisms, non synaptic learning, conditioning biochemical mechanisms: time of day setting biochemical oscillator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Memory requires plasticity

A

Connections in the nervous system, cellular chemistry, cellular activity
Changes exist for various lengths of time depending on function
diff usefulness for diff types of memory
self identity - how we view ourselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Memory requires plasticity

A

Long term – essentially permanent, crystalized
• Long term – consolidated, modifiable, episodic,
semantic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Memory requires plasticity

A

Short term – require rehearsal, fade over a few
days, preconsolidation
• Short term – working memory, seconds to
minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Memory requires plasticity

A

*Very short term – consciousness , sensory memory

 *Very long term – self identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Memory requires plasticity

A

duration over which a memory is retained defines the type of cellular mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Working memory

A

“…the active and temporary representation of information that is maintained for the short term…”

sensory input relies on our consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Working memory

A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Working memory

A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Self ordered pointing

A

ability to retain conscious images + do something with them
remember which ones you’ve already touched
every time you touch one, they jumble them up
working memory is temporarily plastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Self ordered pointing

A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Self ordered pointing

A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Central Executive

A

consciousness is switching back and forth betw environment + what is happening in our head
PFC
Intentionality: attention, selection, inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Central Executive

A

monitors and manipulates both working memory buffers, providing cognitive control of working memory
• Adding to and deleting from items and buffers, selecting among the items in order to guide behavior, and retrieving info from long-term memory and transferring info from visual spatial sketchpad and phonological loop to long-term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Central Executive

A
  • Manipulation of working memory allows control of various aspects of high order cognition and leads us to cognitive control
  • Central executive involves manipulation of info and short-term memory, including adding or removing items, we ordering items and using working memory to guide other behaviors
  • Controlled updating of short-term memory buffers, setting goals and planning, task switching, stimulus attention and response innovation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Episodic Buffer

A

PFC

Integration + temporary storage of phonological store + visuospatial sketchpad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Phonological Store/Loop

A

Left PFC, anterior temporal frontal areas & parietal cortex

vocal + subvocal articulatory rehearsal of verbal + acoustic stimuli for temp storage allowing for long term storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Phonological Store/Loop

A

auditory memory, maintaining them by means of internal speech rehearsal
• internal, unspoken speech use during rehearsal is key to phonological loop and a verbal working memory If internal rehearsal is disrupted or illuminated, final logical storage cannot occur
• Word length affect: as length of words increases, number of words you can remember declines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A

Right PFC, parietal & occipital cortex

integration + temp storage of visual + spatial material

22
Q

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A

holds visual and spatial images for manipulation
• Mental workspace for storing a manipulating visual and spatial info
• Two capacities, are independent: filling up one does not affect the capacity of other
• Delayed non-match to sample task: test for visual memory
• Each trial involves remembering some novel object
• Experimenters introduce new object during delay.
• Then shows both objects, learn that reward will be found under new object
• Must learn to remember which unique sample monkey saw previously can hold this memory in their visual spatial memory buffer until presented with a choice of previous sample and I’ll pull object

23
Q

Declarative Long Term Memory

A

stored in cortex by hippocampus in humans

memory for facts + verbal material episodic memory & semantic memory

24
Q

Declarative Long Term Memory

A

-

25
Q

Procedural Long Term Memory

A

stored by hippocampus in primates other than humans

memory for nonverbal, motoric skills + classical conditioning

26
Q

Consciousness

A
  • alert,activeandvigilant(Boly,2011)

* thecontentofexperiencefrommomenttomoment • Generalawarenessofexistence

27
Q

Consciousness

A

least amount of communication is in comma patients
more communication as we approach wakefulness
continuum of states
brain activation during dreaming

28
Q

Brain Areas

A

parietal + frontal cortex
less conscious you are, less active control mechanism is
we are unconscious, but we receive info

29
Q

Monkey Blindsight

A

lesioned = reduced performance

30
Q

Monkey Blindsight

A

you don’t allow light to come through, she doesn’t touch it at all

31
Q

Consciousness

A

on left side of brain, animal cannot see what is happening
retain info for too long, gets mixed up with info from now
now - .07 sec long

32
Q

Consciousness

A

Another way to look at consciousness is to look at how we perceive the passage of time
retain info for too long, gets mixed up with info from now
now - .07 sec long

33
Q

Consciousness

A

Conscious images are more than moments in time

Episodic memories are more than moments in time

34
Q

Consciousness

A

Duration is a collection of beats produced by an oscillator that are collected by an “accumulator”.
• The perception of time requires an integration of these signals
•William James – ‘Now’ is a limit between what has happened and what will happen. (Always in the past) ‘Now’ is not the moment in time, but a sample of what is being experienced

35
Q

Time

A

perception of time moving is part of our consciousness + understanding
when we pay attention to time, errors in estimating time decreases
presupplamentary motor cortex - pay attention to time

36
Q

From: Consciousnes To Identity

A

Plasticity – depends on how long a memory needs to be retained (Nature does not invent new things, but tests the value of changes)
consciousness updated very quickly - 0.7 sec
identity - happens quickly + sometimes once + we retain them

37
Q

Maturation of working memory

A

Working memory and executive function continue to develop through adolescence and even early adulthood
One reason very young children remember if you were numbers and pictures than adults is simply that the children have had less exposure to such things

38
Q

Maturation of working memory

A

By adolescents, they accumulated more experience with numbers, words and patterns and this knowledge me give them an advantage at encoding those items into working memory
Age-related improvement and working memory capacity at least partially reflects exposure to unfamiliarity with material to be remembered

39
Q

The aging memory: adulthood through old age

A

Most people show relatively stable learning and memory and other types of cognitive function throughout adulthood
Study finds relatively little change in most kinds of cognitive ability including verbal memory as participants age from 20 to 50

40
Q

The aging memory: adulthood through old age

A

Many cognitive ability start to decline as humans reach their 60s and beyond
Some such as numeric ability start to decline in humans as young as mid 30s, others such as verbal ability to remain strong well into old age

41
Q

Working memory

A

One of the last memory systems to fully mature in humans is also one of the first to show deficits in the course of healthy aging
Possibly, older adults are less able to inhibit irrelevant, older information from entering working memory where crowds out the information that is relevant now

42
Q

Cognitive control

A

manipulation and application of working memory for planning, task switching, attention, stimulus selection and inhibition of inappropriate reflex behaviors

43
Q

Transient memories

A

Short lasting mental representations, sometimes persisting for only a few seconds

44
Q

Sensory memory

A
  • Brief transient sensations of what you have just perceived when you have seen, heard, touch, smell or tasted something
  • Visual sensory memory: temporary storage in sensory memory for information received by visual system
45
Q

Sensory memory

A

There is a form of sensory memory for each sensorimotor modality which lasts very briefly and captures wrought incoming sensory stimuli so that they can be processed and passed on to the short-term memory store, which may be later entered into long-term memory

46
Q

Baddeley’s Working memory model

A

Identifies memory buffers as being material specific: one stores verbal material and other stores object and location material
Verbal tasks interfere with verbal short-term memory but not visual short-term memory and visual tasks interfere with visual short-term memory but not verbal short-term memory

47
Q

Setting goals and planning

A

Keeping track of goals, planning how to achieve them and determining priorities all draw heavily on central executive
Tower of Hanoi: goal directed controlled updating of short-term memory

48
Q

Stimulus selection and response inhibition

A

Central executive allows him to inhibit a habitual response that he developed and shift his attention to an alternative, context specific rule that he must remember perhaps by repeated rehearsal

49
Q

Automatic processes

A

automatic and willed
Triggered by situational cues
Deeply ingrained and reflexive and typically occur with minimal conscious awareness
Generally do not interfere with other concurrent activities

50
Q

Controlled

A

occur in parallel, competing to influence our behaviors
Mediated by supervisory attentional system which modifies behavior when automatic responses are inappropriate
Inhibits automatic routines in favor for more appropriate behaviors and changes prioritization of cues for attention

51
Q

Stimulus selection and response inhibition

A

Fundamental competition within our brains over the control of our behaviors and thoughts
Various inputs competing for our attention at any given moment include both bottom my processes that are stimulus driven and top-down process that her goal directed and require selective attention to specific aspects of our environment

52
Q

Stimulus selection and response inhibition

A

Although simple hardwired, reflective responses are useful for many situations that require rapid responding and minimal conscious effort, their insufficient for dealing with more complex facets of our dynamic world, where long range planning, goals and ability to foresee future consequences are necessary

PSY260 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions