Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY260 > PSY260 - 11. Observation Learning > Flashcards

PSY260 - 11. Observation Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Why is language special?

A

we learn details of languages + multiple languages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Imitation

A

modify behaviour through seeing other people perform it well
see yourself perform it well/imagine doing it well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Emulation

A

not necessarily reproducing same sounds, but same result - rock bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Contagion

A

reacting similarly to emotions of conspecifics

crying, laughing - share emotional context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Observational conditioning

A

learning an emotional response by observing it in others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Stimulus enhancement

A

producing a similar response by directing attention to the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Is language acquisition a specific type of learning, and is it unique to human beings?

A

don’t know what ways animals are communicating with one another
differences in that communication with language
believed it’s a human trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Definition of language

A

way humans communicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Purpose of language

A

to communicate, express feelings + ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Methods of communication

A

can communicate with body language + facial expressions

verbal expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does language relate to learning?

A

Actions required for performance can be observed
Observation leads to motor movements + somatic responses
Responses trigger emotional reactions, somatic response in observer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does language relate to learning?

A

Emotional reactions directed motor actions
Actions are evaluated based on success
Symbolic representation of the learning process: symbolic type of communication - lower risk - learn without going into situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

MIRROR NEURONS

A

Neurons that activate both during execution of action + during observation same action made by another indiv
neurons in premotor cortex recorded during monkey observation
reaching + grasping, + experimenter reaching + putting object back both activated the mirror neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

MIRROR NEURONS

A

Subcategories: neurons activate when listening to action sounds, and/or when observing communicative gestures made by others respectively.
mirror neurons - recent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Frequency Graph

A

fires frequently when researcher/monkey reaches for object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ORIGINS: 1. Evolution

A

mirror neurons might be precursors of neural systems concerned with language, or a gestural origin of language
speech risen from need to communicate with gestures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ORIGINS: 2. Functional

A

mirror neurons help to common code, parity, betw observer + actor (sender + receiver of a message) [motor theory of speech - phonetic gestures rather than speech sounds]
speech as a surrogate for phonetic gesture
phonemes are small gestures of speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cortical Speech Areas - Brocha’s Area

A

-controls motor output

lights up when speech is not required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cortical Speech Areas - Werniche Area

A

anatomically, mirror cells located in areas linked to speech production

20
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

monkey has learned to imitate

mirror neuron is switched on, same neuron activates when monkey does action

21
Q

Facial Expression

A

pay attention to facial expression + mirror cells respond strongly to different types of expression
correlation between autism + impairment of activation of this area

22
Q

Points of View

A

From hunter’s view, both scenes have same perspective
From learner’s perspective, scenes moving in opposite directions
allows us to manipulate this observation
generalization exercise - how to capture prey
not a discrimination exercise - doesn’t matter on details

23
Q

Song learning in birds

A

oral observations
different strategies in learning
sparrow - 2 years to learn: sensitive periods where they listen
sounds help develop birds sensory abilities, less models to drive sensory development, produces subsong - practice its own sound
then modifies song to sound like others to communicate

24
Q

Songbirds

A

program for producing diff sounds
image of sound retained in the brain + performance is compared to this
important in fine tuning sound
discriminates its own sound production + a neighbour
starts to modify production based on neighbouring birds
sound becomes fine tuned to mimic neighbours sound to attract mate

25
Q

Songbirds

A

similar organization of the brain
dopaminergic
motor program drives the neurons that produces sounds
feedback system that tells bird how well it’s doing

26
Q

Mimi Ted Talk

A

learn skill through trial + error
language is learned through imitation
listen + memorize adult songs - practice song
starts with babbling - variable sounds
starts breaking it into chunks - starts to master skill
song system - motor pathway + cortical basal ganglia circuit

27
Q

Mimi Ted Talk

A

circuit specialized for singing - song learning + plasticity
damaged while learning - learning stops - cant manipulate longer
adult damage - can’t change song
cells have characteristic pattern of activity
singing by himself - more variability in activity

28
Q

Mimi Ted Talk

A

neuron never bursts singing to female
neuron firing changes during alternation of social contexts
lots of variability in pitch, singing to female - cleans up act
activity variable = song variable
lesioned - sings as if singing to female all the time
active circuit that produces variability on purpose
brain can turn off variability depending on context - need to perform accurately

29
Q

Consonants

A

we discriminate amongst phonemes + categorize sounds

find that new sounds are not readily recognized by brain + get categorized into one of known sounds

30
Q

Phoneme Classification

A

categorize sounds into meaningful sequences

inhibit responses to sounds that have no meaning

31
Q

Formants

A

common english phonemes

slight changes in frequency

32
Q

Auditory Discrimination and Language Learning Impairement

A

discriminates between first 20 milliseconds

errors - unable to quickly categorize one phoneme to another

33
Q

Auditory Discrimination and Language Learning Impairement

A

can train children computer generated sounds
sound sweeps up or sweeps down
early on had difficulties but with practice mastered discrimination
brain categorizes sounds
phonemes have multiple frequencies
focusing on certain frequencies

34
Q

Development of episodic and semantic memory

A

Elicited imitation: infants shown in action + tested for ability to mimic action later
Imitation important way youngsters learn about world
Episodic memory develop more slowly

35
Q

Development of episodic and semantic memory

A

Capacity to encode and verbally express semantic info increase with age across childhood
hippocampus + prefrontal cortex, critical for encoding and recall of episodic memories immature at birth + continue to develop during the first few years of life

36
Q

Development of episodic and semantic memory

A

Young children do not show evidence of cognitive self

Some argue very young children can form episodic memories but cannot verbally express them

37
Q

Language learning

A

language learning has sensitive period ends at about 12/earlier
Lack of social interactions during development greatly reduce opportunities to observe + imitate

38
Q

Language learning

A

Children can learn second language more easily + approximate native accent more closely than adults
Infants younger than 6-8 months can distinguish all sounds even when distinction does not exist in native language

39
Q

Language learning

A

acquiring language have window of opportunity to learn to distinguish language sounds; after, Learning possible, but much less effective
In children, dominant process is social imitation: children learn to make speech around them

40
Q

Language learning

A

adults dominant process + semantic memory – adopting explicit strategies such as memorization of new vocabulary

41
Q

Pruning of synapses

A

begins with surplus of synopsis
Creation of new synapsis - synaptogenesis begins 5 months after conception
40,000 synopsis being created per second
occurs at different rates in different brain areas

42
Q

Pruning of synapses

A

prefrontal cortex high rates of synaptogenesis continue until about 6
seldom used may be weakened + may die away
up to 42% of all synapses in cortex may be pruned during childhood + adolescence

43
Q

Pruning of synapses

A

occur mostly on spines, tiny protrusions from dendrites

If spines contacted by another neuron, synopsis can be formed + strengthened, unneeded spines disappear to be replaced

44
Q

Pruning of synapses

A

overall # of spines on dendrite remains approximately constant; experience + learning determine which individual spines survive

45
Q

adulthood to old age: Localized neuron and synapse loss

A 
Loss of neurons in prefrontal cortex, area importance of working memory - declines with age
Neurons lost in cerebellum
# of spines in prefrontal neurons decreases - 33% overall
Hippocampus doesn’t show much age related neuron loss
46
Q

Early overproduction of neurons

A

When neuron is deprived of neurotrophic factors, genes become active that cause the neuron to die
Apoptosis: natural cell death

47
Q

Early overproduction of neurons

A

During childhood, apoptosis, prune as many as one third of all neurons produced prenatally
Brain starts off with plenty of resources + experience determines which of those resources are critical and which not so necessary

PSY260 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions