PSY2004 W9 Reading

Question 1

What does cooperation require?

Answer 1

individuals must either to suppress their own self-interest in favour of that of others (e.g. helping, sharing) or to equate their own self-interest with that of the other (e.g. reciprocity, justice, equity and norm following and enforcement)

Question 2

What has recent research established on young children and morality?

Answer 2

That young children are much more moral by at least some defintions at a much younger age than previously thought. The research focuses on actual moral behaviour opposed to the more studied topic of moral judgment.

Question 3

How do individual’s understand social relationships?

Answer 3

Individuals not only form relatively long-term social relationships with others they also understand the social relationships among third parties.

Question 4

How do nonhuman great ape socialize (social life)?

Answer 4

Competition: disputes generally are resolved via one or another form of dominance.
Cooperate: with allies in order to compete with others over valued resources. This cooperating in order to compete requires individuals to simultaneously monitor two or more ongoing soical relationship requiring complex skills of social cognition.

Question 5

Do chimpanzees help?

Answer 5

Yes they help both humans and other chimpanzees. They will fetch out of reach objects for humans visibly trying to reach them, they will also go to soem effort to help humans; climing a few meters high to fetch something.
Helping others reach their goals in these
ways is fairly low cost, basically requiring only
a few extra ergs of energy. Sharing food is an
other story, as it requires relinquishing a valued
resource.

Question 6

Do Chimpanzees share food?

Answer 6

Mothers share food with thier offspring
And If food is not very hgihly valued and not easily monopolizable then a group of apes may peaceably feed on it together adn occasionaly there may be some more active sharing among friends.

Question 7

To apes tend to help specific individuals?

Answer 7

Individuals tended to help those who had helped them
previously (by opening a door for them, allow
ing access to food).
Captive chimpanzees support one another in fights reciprocally, and reciprocity can seemingly also involve different currencies.
Male chimpanzees sometimes share food with reproduc
tively cycling females, presumably in hopes of sex

Question 8

What is negative recirpcoity?

Answer 8

Also called retaliation or revenge
If a chimpanzee in the wild attacks or steals food from another, he will often be attacked by that victim in return [revenge system]. Importantly, the goal in these retaliations is not material reward for the retaliator.

Question 9

Do apes caculate reciprocity?

Answer 9

Not likely. Even though when costs are greater as with food sharing altruisim is most active and reliable in the context of something like reciprocity. It is kind of attitudinal recipricty in which individuals have more positive affect toward those who have hlped them or hsared with them in the past.

Question 10

When do apes collaborate?

Answer 10

Great apes engage in various forms of group defense. Most interestingly, small groups of male chimpanzees actively patrol their border, engaging agonistically with any individuals from neighboring groups that they encounter.

Collaboration in the acquisition of food: males hunt in small social parties for monkeys. Chimpanzees understand when they need the other participants for sucess.

Question 11

What is a key pattern of sociality in great apes ?

Answer 11

Dominance: Disputes are settled by the dominant doing just what he wants to do, and the subordinate must simply defer.

Question 12

What are great apes understanding of others property?

Answer 12

Great apes often respect the fact that another individual physically possesses some object or piece of food, and they do not start a fight for it (Kummer & Cords 1991). Individuals may claim objects for themselves by virtue of
mutually agreed-upon norms and institutions.

Question 13

What is the difference in childcare in nonhuman apes and humans?

Answer 13

100% provided by the mother
50% provided by mother (human)

Question 14

What is the difference in communication ?

Answer 14

Great apes communicate basically to tell others what to do. In contrast, humans often communicate help
fully in order to inform others of things that are of interest to them, the recipients of the information

Question 15

How do great apes show the social power of politics?

Answer 15

Domoniance and physical strenght

Question 16

How does norms and institutions differ between apes and humans?

Answer 16

Distinctive feature of human social organization is its normative structure. Human beings not only have statistical expectations about what others will do—which all apes have—they also have normative expectations about what others should do.

Question 17

What is the interdependence hypothesis?

Answer 17

Present evidence that humans became ultracooperative in all of these many ways in two main evolutionary steps.
Human’s forced to collaborate or they starve. The result is that if I monopolize all the food at the end of the foraging instead of sharing it equitably, or if I slack off on my work during the foraging, others will simply exclude me the next time: joint morality.

Question 18

What is joint morality?

Answer 18

individuals helped others with whom they were interdependent, considered those others to be equally deserving of their share of the collaborative spoils,
and felt answerable to others (as others were
answerable to them) for being a good partner.

Question 19

How do humans interact with norms?

Answer 19

Humans not only assiduously follow such norms themselves, but they also enforce them in animpersonalmanneronallinthegroup,including even on themselves through feelings of guilt and shame

Question 20

How do young children collaborate?

Answer 20

Young children are surprisingly skilled collaborative
and cooperative partners.
Young children and even infants demonstrate remarkable prosocial tendencies.
Young children’s prosocial proclivities are apparent not only in their helping and sympathizing but also in their sharing behaviors.

Question 21

Summaries the paper’s thoughts on toddleres and prosocial behaviour?

Answer 21

Toddlers engage in collaborative activities with others and recognize the jointness, or interdependence, there in.
They also help others in a variety of ways, even when it does not benefit them to do so, and they show a sense of equality in dividing up resources in some situations.
Toddlers help others more and are more likely to share equally with them when they are collaborating with them, providing support for our hypothesis that it was within the context of collaboration or interdependence that prosocial behavior likely emerged.
Toddlers also evaluate others in terms of their prosocial and cooperative behaviors and withdraw their helping and sharing from noncooperative individuals.

Question 22

How do toddlers interact with norms?

Answer 22

They follow all kinds of norms that are mutual expectations and argreements.
3 YO children do not view social norms solely in terms of authority, as Piaget assumed. Rather, they recognize them as general, agent-neutral, mutual expectations that represent some kind of implicit agreement of how we ought to behave—with the “we” conceptualized differently in the casE of moral versus conventional norms.

Question 23

Are young children jugemental?

Answer 23

young children are less often judging and enforcing norms on others, and more often being judged and having norms enforced on them.

Question 24

What emotions are internalized version of the kind of moral jugdments that humans mete out to othres who violate or follow social norms?

Answer 24

Guilt, shame and pride
I am sanctining myself or praising myself on behalf of the group as it were.
Guilt displays also indicate that the transgressor did not mean to cause harm and, more generally, that he is not the kind of person that means harm.