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PSY2001 SEMESTER 1 > PSY2001 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 9 > Flashcards

PSY2001 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 9 Flashcards

1
Q

define aggression

A

behaviour designed to harm others in some way

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2
Q

name 4 methods of studying aggression

A

analogues of behaviour (bobo doll, button pressing for fake electric shocks)
signals of intention (expressing willingness for aggression)
ratings (self-report, others, observation)
indirect aggression method (non-physical, relational, psycho)

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3
Q

what are anaglogue of behaviour

A

substituting aggression for a task, makes studying it ethical

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4
Q

give a weakness of analogues of behaviour to study aggression

A

lacking generalisability for real life

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5
Q

give a weakness of signals of intention to study aggression

A

intention doesn’t always translate to behaviour

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6
Q

give weaknesses of ratings to study aggression

A

SDB
observations can be interpreted inline with prior expectations/hypothesis

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7
Q

give weakness of indirect method to study aggression

A

inflates prevalence of aggression if comparing to direct/physical measures of aggression

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8
Q

in summary, what do biological theories of aggression propose

A

pattern of responses genetically predetermined with instinct being:
goal-directed, terminating in specific consequence
beneficial
adapted to normal environment
shared by most member in species
developed in clear ways
unlearnt

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9
Q

outline the psychodynamic biological approach of aggression (Freud)

A

unconscious drive of thanatos, building up in us over time, creating uncontrollable pressure to do an aggressive act
is dealt with via redirecting to other activity (catharsis)

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10
Q

what is thanatos and eros

A

thanatos = death instinct
eros = life instinct

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11
Q

outline biological approach of evolution in aggression (Darwin)

A

aggressive behaviour ensures genetic survival, so linked to living long enough to procreate (father fighting other for mating and mothers aggressive to protect offspring)
in humans, to obtain social, economic advatnage to increase children survival rate

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12
Q

what is ethology

A

instinctual explanation of human aggression comparing to animal behaviour, fixed action pattern
elicited by specific environmental stim (releaser), has survival values

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13
Q

name strengths of biological approach of aggression

A

evidence from idea of violence part of human nature, comparisons to animal behaviour

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14
Q

name weaknesses of biological approaches of aggression

A
  1. genetic instincts unmeasurable
  2. support from only observation which cannot establish causality
  3. evolutionary tendency develop over thousands of years so hard to study
  4. humans aggressive outside of situation where defending children
  5. behaving aggressive toward relative (not accounted by bio theories)
  6. evolutionary approach not informing prevantative/intervention work as cannot change genetics (anger management therapy still works tho, so obvs isnt genetics)
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15
Q

summarise biosocial approach of frustration-aggression hypothesis (dollard)

A

based on catharsis hypothesis with frustration being antecedent to aggression
when we drive to achieve goal and ten blocked we are frustrated and drived toward aggression (cathartic release of our frustration)

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16
Q

when we cannot challenge direct source of aggression (biosocial frustration aggression hypothesis) what do we do

A

sublimation and displacement

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17
Q

define sublimation

A

using aggression in acceptable activities (sport)

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18
Q

define displacement

A

directing aggression outward onto something or someone else

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19
Q

summarise biosocial explanation excitation transfer of aggression (Zillman)

A

experience physiological arousal in a context which carries over to other situations and increases likelihood of aggressive behaviour

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20
Q

in biosocial excitation transfer model, what 3 condition are required

A

1st= stimuli producing arousal or excitation
2nd= stimulus occur before complete decay of arousal from 1st stimuli
there is misattribution of excitation to 2nd stimulus

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21
Q

name advantages of biosocial explanations

A
  1. testable theory and can produce intervention (identify specific situ, how can be modified to prevent aggression)
  2. explain why displace onto random object, explain hate crime
  3. Marcus-Newhall meta-analysis showing ppt provoked and unable to directly retaliate more likely to aggress onto innocent party (displaced)
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22
Q

name weaknesses of biosocial explanations

A
  1. only focus on frustration, some experience other emotions (sadness)
  2. Bushman, those venting anger onto punchbag become angrier, more aggressive
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23
Q

social learning theory for aggression was created by Bandura research study, summarise this

A

observes adult attacking bobo doll when they are upset in person, video, cartoon or control (don’t see it)
and found most for live, then video, then cartoon and then control

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24
Q

summarise social learning theory of aggression

A

learnt:
directly (operant conditioning)= child rewarded for aggressive act and so repeat behaviours
indirectly (observational learning + vicarious reinforcements)= watching role model to see consequence

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25
Q

whether a person is aggressive in a specific situation, depends on what?

A
  1. previous experience of others aggressive behaviour
  2. how successful aggressive behaviour been in past
  3. current likelihood that aggressive person rewarded/punished
  4. cognitive, environ, social factors in situation
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26
Q

name strengths of social learning theory

A
  1. accounts how child learn aggression via others, media
  2. empirical lab supports
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27
Q

name weaknesses of social learning theory

A
  1. lab lacking ecological val
  2. aggressive role model not always causing aggressive behaviour
  3. doesn’t consider individual differences
  4. effect of violent media on aggression not consistently replicated
  5. bobo instead found boys more aggression>girls and regardless of experiemtnal cdn, so underestimating importance of biological factors
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28
Q

outline sex difference for aggression

A

men engage more frequent (but due to socialisation?)
individual variation in testosterone levels across genders with only weak positive rel w aggression
learn gender appropriate behaviours (indirect aggression is more appropriate for women)

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29
Q

what is sociocultural theory for gender as whole

A

psychological gender difference determined by individuals adaptation to restriction in society

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30
Q

how does big 5 trait of aggreableness relate to aggression (Bartlett & Anderson)

A

negatively associated with aggression both in/directly via aggressive attitude and emotion

31
Q

how does big 5 trait of neuroticism relate to aggression (Bartlett & Anderson)

A

positive association with physical aggression both in/directly via aggressive emotions

32
Q

what is type A personality in aggression

A

overative, excessively cmopetitive, more aggress toward those perceived as competing, prefer working alone if stressed so avoid exposure to incompetence and to feel more in control
socially destructive and more prone to abuse children, if manager then experience more conflict with peers, subordinate but not own supervisor

33
Q

outline relationship between attachment and offenders

A

less secure with insecure attachment strong assoc with all types of criminality (violent, non-vio, sexual, DV)

34
Q

give weaknesses of research into attachment on aggression

A

(prisoner study) didn’t include juveniles/females
attachment not always measured in same way

35
Q

what other hormones have small implications for aggression

A

norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine

36
Q

name situational factors for aggression

A

alcohol, heat, overcrowding

37
Q

in how many incidents of physical aggression is alcohol present

A

68%

38
Q

outline direct effect (disinhibition hypothesis) of alcohol on aggression

A

compromise cortical control and increase activity in primitive brain so impairs high order cog function, decision making
physiological arousal (in line with excit-trans model)

39
Q

outline indirect effect of alcohol on aggression

A

Begue= expectation of alcohol (actually placebos) increased aggressive behaviour
Pederson= priming effect, activating thought of alochol increased aggressive behaviours

40
Q

Tayors & Sears gave male ppt either alcohol, placebo and studied what into aggression

A

competitive task with another ppt using reaction time with loser getting electric shocks from oponent
shock level meant to be set by ppt (actually was constant via researcher)
confederate applied social pressure to ppt, encouraged them to increase shock
alcohol group more susceptible to pressure

41
Q

Cohn & Rotton studied links between ambient temperature and assaults what did they find?

A

increased temp assoc w increasing aggression, but not linear effect = too hot mean less energy used via aggression - inverted u shape
effect stronger in evening as potential interaction between heat and alcohol

42
Q

how can population density result in aggression

A

increased stress, irritation, frustration and physiological arousal

43
Q

name 3 things crowding causes (resulting in aggression)

A

disinhibition, deindividuation, dehumanisation

44
Q

define disinhibition

A

when usual social forces that normally restrain us from acting anti-socially are reduced in some way

45
Q

define deindividuation

A

feeling unidentifable among others, think less likely to face consequences

46
Q

define dehumanisation

A

perceiving victim as being less than human

47
Q

define collective aggression

A

unified aggression by group of individuals that may not even know another, against other individuals/groups
(eg; chanting at someone to jump from a building)

48
Q

why is football hooliganism not always explainable from deindividuation, what else is it understoof from

A

better understood on societal terms, involving subcutlrual class solidarity

49
Q

why do disadvantage groups engage in more aggression

A

believe they’re unjustly disadvantaged and cannot improve their disadvantaged position

50
Q

what group is rate of homidice, non lethal violence higher in

A

young, urban, poor, ethnic minority males (from mix of social, ecological factors)

51
Q

define relative deprivation

A

discontent coupled with feeling that chance of improving conditions legitamately are minimal = violence, assault, burglary, riot, violent protest

52
Q

how can violent media result to aggression

A

easy access of sanitised aggression desensitises viewers and depicts aggressor as unpunished hero

53
Q

how do SLT and catharsis hypothesis oppose each other regarding role of violent media in aggression

A

SLT suggest viewer copy reinforced act, but catharsis hypothesis suggest release tension, reduce aggression

54
Q

outline research evidence of violent media resulting in aggression (Black & Bevan; Greitmeyer & Mugge)

A

Black & Bevan: viewing violent film increased aggression score compared to non-violent (priming effects)
Greitmeyer & Mugge meta-analysis: violent video games increase aggression

55
Q

how can media trigger automatic violence as reactions

A

neo-associationist analysis suggests idea thinking about act can facilitate in its performance, priming
including weapons effect

56
Q

whats weapons effect?

A

presence of weapon increase probability its used in aggressive ways

57
Q

summarise general aggression model

A

interplay between personal and situational variable, influencing 3 internal states of cognition, affects, arousal
affecting appraisal/decision processes and influence aggressive outcome
used in intervention

58
Q

in GAM, what is input

A

person and situation factors increase/decrease likelihood of aggression through influence on internal state variable (cognition, affect, arousal)

59
Q

in GAM, what is internal state (stage 2)

A

affect, cognition and arousal influences our appraisal of situation and if emotional with high arousal, aggressive thoughts then negative impulse appraisal more likely (goal, plan to harm perpetrator)
behavioural scripts activated in appraisal then cause social encounter

60
Q

Anderson, Deuser, NeNeve did research into temperature effect, what did they find?

A

measured hostile affect and cognition, perceived and physiological arousal in undergrad playing video game and controlled room temp
increased temp cause increased hostile affect, cognition, physiological arousal
so hot temp increases aggressive tendency on 3 seperate routes (internal states)
excitation transfer then increases likelihood of biased (hostile) appraisals of ambiguous social events

61
Q

define institution

A

place with strict rules, gives little choice to members of institution (prison, school)

62
Q

how many prisoners experiences violence

A

25%
4-5% sexual violence
1-2% raped

63
Q

how mamy students annually experience aggression

A

30%

64
Q

name dispositional factors for institutional aggression

A

personality of institution member (importation model); gender, personality, attachment, past experience

65
Q

name situational factors causing institutional aggression

A

situation in which members find themself (deprivation model); crowding, uncomfortable temperature, loss of freedom

66
Q

give definition for intimate partner violence

A

any behaviour within an intimate relationship, that causes physical, psychological or sexual harm to those in relationship, includes acts of physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse, controlling behaviours

67
Q

how many women 15+ globally experience physical/sexual IPV

A

30%

68
Q

where are female perperated IPV most common?

A

more in society where modern, secular, liberal = likely reflecting change in traditional gender norm

69
Q

name personal/situational factors influencing IPV

A

biology, gender, stress (financial, unemployed, illness), alcohol consumption, football

70
Q

name social factors of IPV

A

learned pattern via generational cycle of abuse

71
Q

name biosocial explanation of IPV

A

excitation transfer from football or alcohol
frustration aggression hypothesis (stress)
GAM (personal and situational factors)

72
Q

name evolutionary perspective of female IPV

A

fear an adaptive response to reduce exposure to danger and female has higher level of fear in face of direct aggression

73
Q

name biological perspective of female IPV

A

oxytocin released in response to danger, mediating reduction of stresses associating with fear
oxytocin released in presence of intimate partner, if threat involved causes higher level of release

74
Q
A

PSY2001 SEMESTER 1 (10 decks)

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