PSY2001 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 10

Question 1

define pro-health/environmental behaviour

Answer 1

purposeful action or behaviour that can reduce negative impact on health or behaviour

Question 2

what types of social influences can influence pro-health and environmental behaviour engagement

Answer 2

modelling, social norm, social facilitation, group pressure, social support

Question 3

Larsen carried out experimental research for modelling alcohol intake, outline their method, and results

Answer 3

confed ordered first and drank either
2 fizzy drinks (control)
1 alcohol drink, 2 fizzy drinks (light drinking)
3/4 alcohol drinks (heavy drinking)
DV= alcohol consumed
those in heacy cdn consume signif more alcohol than in control/light

Question 4

evaluate research into modelling alcohol intake

Answer 4

high ecological validity (naturalistic setting)
not generalisable to non-students

Question 5

what research supported behaviours can be influenced via modelling

Answer 5

eating behaviours (choice and intake)
sun protective behaviour
smoking

Question 6

name 2 factors that impact how affected we are from social influence

Answer 6

high need for social acceptance due to lower self-esteem, high empathy
body weight (greater modeling if similar weight to model)

Question 7

name 3 explanations for social modelling

Answer 7

social approval
informational influence
automatic mimicry

Question 8

explain social approval as explanation for social modelling

Answer 8

conformity to social model is more pronounced when concerns about affiliation are increased

Question 9

outline informational influence as explanation for social modelling

Answer 9

accurate decision making (other provides point of reference for appropriate behaviours)

Question 10

outline automatic mimicry as explanation for social modelling

Answer 10

mimic and conform to those with whom we identify, communicating liking and desire to affiliate

Question 11

explain descriptive social norms

Answer 11

“is” norm
describe 1 group, distinguish it from other groups, perception on what others tend to do

Question 12

explain injunctive social norms

Answer 12

“ought to”
perception of what others approve of

Question 13

what are prescriptive social norms

Answer 13

how we should behave
focus on what others do, encouraged to do or approve of doing

Question 14

what are proscriptive (prohibitive) social norms

Answer 14

focus on what others don’t do and discouraged from doing

Question 15

an example of combination of what social norms
“majority of people living in Sheffield think that at least 35% of household waste should be recycled”

Answer 15

descriptive and prescriptive

Question 16

an example of combination of what social norms
“most people agree that drinking in moderation is responsible choice to stay safe and healthy. Do not exceed recommened weekly limit of 14 units, as excessive drinking can harm your health”

Answer 16

injunctive and proscriptive

Question 17

an example of combination of what social norms
“What social norms are reflected in the message: Recycling is a responsible practice, which helps to protect the environment. Place all recyclable materials in the designated bins every week”

Answer 17

injunctive and prescriptive

Question 18

an example of combination of what social norms
“What social norms are reflected in the following message: Most students at our university do not consume more than 10 units of alcohol per week.”

Answer 18

descriptive and proscriptive

Question 19

define social norm marketing

Answer 19

single factual message documenting high incidence of some desirable behaviour to all or at least many members of a group

Question 20

define personalised normative feedback

Answer 20

aims its message at individuals, providing them with info about themselves as well as their peers
eg; you said you drink 10 drinks per week and think typical student drinks 15. actual averages are 4.6 drinks, so you drink more than 80% other college students

Question 21

explain the impact of descriptive norms message on an example pro-enviornmental behaioru

Answer 21

descriptive norm message increased towel reuse compared to control

Question 22

outline research into if descriptive norms messages can reduce intention to down drinks

Answer 22

1. no message
2. campaign only
3. descriptive norm message (65% students at this uni don’t down drink)
4. campaign + descriptive norm

sensible drinking campaign with descriptive norm message reduce intention

Question 23

give 1 strength ofresearch into descriptive norm message studies into downing drinks

Answer 23

experimental design so can establish effect of descriptive norms

Question 24

give 1 limitation of research into descriptive norm message studies into downing drinks

Answer 24

measure intention, not actual behaviour
no data on their actual alcohol intake
small convenience sample
no baseline data on attitude/consumptions

Question 25

outline research into descriptive norm message to encourage choosing sustainable diets at uni

Answer 25

pre/post-intervention design using descriptive messages at 3 uni food outlets
DV=amount of veggie/meat purchase
no signif diff found, aligining with other findings of descriptive social norm not always being effective

Question 26

outline research for personalised normative feedback (injunctive norms messages) onto suncream use

Answer 26

measure intention and attitude, then self-repored protection measures post-intervention and 4-week post
perception of others perceiving tanned skin as positive was oversestimated, perception on support to use suncream underestimated
immediate post test, those in injunctive norm condition reported higher intention>control
4 week follow up, still had stronger intention >controls

Question 27

what is a frame of reference, referring to social norm

Answer 27

using others behaviour to guide own behaviour

Question 28

what type of social influence explains why descriptive norms are effective, and in which situations

Answer 28

informational influence
guiding us on appropriate way to act, tend to be more effective in unfamiliar/ambiguous situation

Question 29

what type of social influence explains why injunctive norms are effective, and in which situations

Answer 29

social approval as enables affiliation with social group

Question 30

define boomerang effect

Answer 30

unintended negative consequences of social norm messages
engagement in target desired beh reduce for some individuals after social norm message intervention

Question 31

name 2 reasons that boomerang effects occur

Answer 31

1. realise undesirable behaviour more common
2. if engaging, reduce to avoid being sucker for freerider, or appearing foolish

Question 32

outline boomerang effect that was found for energy households research

Answer 32

half received descriptive norm message, half received this with smiley/unhappy emoji (injunctive norm) if high/low energy user
found boomerang in those initially low user, no boomerang for high user who then reduced energy usage

Question 33

how can boomerang effects be avoided?

Answer 33

message framing: praising those engaging in behaviour, not risk resentment
target only those not engaging ina desired behaviour

Question 34

outline group membership impact for influence of group norms

Answer 34

stronger when identifying with referent group
explains reactance against group norms, if norm made salient is from undesirable outgroup

Question 35

name theoretical approaches behind pro health, and pro environmental behaviours

Answer 35

ToPB
focus theory of normative conduct
theory of normative behaviour

Question 36

what is focus theory of normative conduct

Answer 36

motives for conforming includes informational, social approval, positive self-image

Question 37

what is theory of normative behaviour

Answer 37

influence of descriptive norms is moderated by injunctive norms, group membership, behaviour identification, outcome expectations

Question 38

how can boomerang effect be buffered, by add what?

Answer 38

adding injunctive components