PSY2001 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 4 Flashcards
define goal intentions
specify goals related to certain outcomes/actions
define implementation intentions
specify when, where, how one wants to perform goal-directed responses (instrumental thoughts, feelings, actions to help realise formed goal intention) and need to be linked to critical situational cues that specify either opportunity to be seized or obstacle to be overcome
outline Health Action Process approach
intention is start point to health behaviour, but only translate into action after specifying action plans and coping plans. includes motivation vs volition
define motivational processes (Health Action Process approach)
lead up to formation of intentions. motivational variables can include attitude (if we view something positively more motivated to caryr out behaviour relating to it)
- action self-efficacy
- outcome expectancies
- intention
define volitional processes (Health Action Process approach)
involved in translation of intention into action (post-intentional), eg; monitoring goal progress, planning
- volitional self-efficacy
- action planning
- coping planning
define action planning (Health Action Process approach)
process of linking goal-directed behaviours to certain environmental cues by specifying when, where and how to act
define coping planning (Health Action Process approach)
identifying barriers that might derail intended actions and forming plans to manage or overcome them - mental stimulation of overcoming anticipated barriers to action
give example of coping planning
how are you going to plan to cope with a barrier that might prevent an action. eg: put recycling bin closer than rubbish bin so it’s easier to motivate self for recycling
name the 4 phases of Rubicon Model of Action Phases
- predecisional phase
- preactional phase
- action phase
- postactional phase
explain 1. predecisional phase of Rubicon Model of Action Phases
deliberate over which goal to pursue, then form intentions (outcome = intention)
explain 2. preactional phase of Rubicon Model of Action Phases
decide when, where and how to act (outcome = implementation intentions)
explain 3. action phase of Rubicon Model of Action Phases
behaviour initiated, maintained if necessary (outcome = behaviour)
explain 4. postactional phase of Rubicon Model of Action Phases
outcome is evaluated against what was desired
outline what an implementation intention is
if situation y arises then initiate behaviour z
what do “if”, and “then” components of implementation intention mean
“if” component identifies good opportunity to act (time and place)
“then” component identifies an effective goal-directed response (initiate an action)
how are implementation intentions different to action and coping plan
implementation intention take contingent if-then format
“then” can (but doesn’t need to) specify action
“if” can (but doesn’t need to) specify barrier
so II are subtype of action/coping plans
when are implementation intentions a action/coping plan
if can be specified in an if/then manner, then is an implementation intention
if cannot it is an action/coping plan
outline study by Oettingen et al (2000) into if the if/then format matters
goal intention cdn: will perform as many maths tasks as possible at 9am
II cdn: if is 9am, will perform as many math task as possible
takes contingent format but exact same info present in both
in goal intention cdn completed puzzle later than intended (eg, 5pm) than II cdn
if/then format means planning more effective and is more likely to be translated into action
how does different types of planning promote goal achievement - outline Sniehotta (2005) study with cardiac problems
patient advised for exercise, studied intention, action planning, coping planning (what to do if faced with setback), behaviour
used hierarchical linear regression, see if one variable impacted over others (age, physical ability, action planning, coping planning)
found age most important factor, and those with coping plans exercised more 4month post-discharge
coping plan not present at 2 months suggesting helps to maintain goal pursuit over coping against setback
what does action planning help an individual
assist to identify salient cues leading to action
cues trigger intended action and helps people to get started
what does coping planning help people to do
overcome obstacles, cope with difficulties by anticipating personal risk situation (endangers performance of intended behaviour), plan coping response in detail
prevent goal striving being derailed by obstacles
name 2 cognitive processes that allow implementation intentions to work
- heighted cue accessibility
- strong cue-response linkages
outline heightened cue accessibility as a cognitive process mediating implementation intention effects on behaviour
mental representation of critical situation and highly accessible, has important downstream effects on memory, attention, perception
means people “perceptually ready” for encountering situation
what does being perceptually ready, via heightened cue accessibility, allow
more likely to recall info, facilitate early perceptual processing, readily detect goal-relevant opportunities and obstacles
outline Webb & Sheeran (2004) study into heightened cue accessibility
goal intention cdn: intend to count all F’s in paragraph on my fingers
implementation intention cdn: as soon as I see F, I’ll add 1 more to it on my finger
found II cdn detected more cue
outline strong cue-response linkages as a cognitive process mediating implementation intention effects on behaviour
implementation intention by forming if/then plan creates strong associative link between opportunity and intended response allowing automatic initiation of planned response once entered specific situation
means less deliberation
what are strengths of strong cue-response linkages
automaticity, immediacy, efficiency, reduced controllability
associative links created by implementation intention stable over time, allow postponing planned behaviour to future events
outline Aart & Dijksterhuis (2000) cycling research for processes mediating implementation intentions
measured extent to which cycling was habitual
ppt given sample of travel locations and counted number of times travelled there (divided into habitual/non-hab cylist)
randomly allocated to plan travel goal vs plan fixing puncture
association task - location appear on screen, then mode of transport, is presented mode realistic?
DV- how quick ppt identify cycling as appropraite
found habitual cyclist for unrelated plan (puncture) quicker than non-hab
hab/non-hab both respond as fast in related plan cdn (route), suggest creating plan regardless of past experience most important
explain how implementation intention leads to goal achievement (pathway it follows)
implementation intention causes heightened cue accessibility + strong cue-response link
this causes strategic automaticity
and lead to goal achievement
explain tenacious and flexible goal striving
strike balance= need tenacity to stay on track but flexibility, if performing goal-directed behaviour costly with efforts seeming futile
explain motivational intensity theory for tenacious and flexible goal striving
more effort is invested, as goal becomes more challenging until expenditure of effort seems unjustified or impossible
explain Leventhal (1965) study with tetanus shot for evidence of planning promoting goal achievement
manipulated fear/not: high fear cdn heard wording constructing unplesant image
action planning cdn/not: given shot location, times available, where to go
not enough to just motivate ppt, need to help with action plan
only 59 eligible but only 9 went
for those given action plan, more actually carried it out
explain Rodda (2020) study with gambling for evidence of planning promoting goal achievement
gamblers into casino, completed Problem Gambling Severity Index
how much money intended to spend, catagorised into moderate-low/high risk
assessment only cdn: ppt describe readiness to use strategy to limit
assessment+action/coping plan cdn: ppt specify how, what, when implementing strategy, identify barrier, way of addressing them
those forming if/then plan stuck to their intention in high-risk
explain Zang (2019) review for evidence of planning promoting goal achievement
reviewed effect of action/coping planning
used weighted regression, beta weight (correlation between predictor eg; action planning and behaviours)
beta (broadly equilvant to r)
those with strong intention more likely to form action/cope plan
both action/cope planning positively associate with behaviour
outline failure to attain a goal attributions
goal striving with II seen as less demanding and easier than goal striving with goal intention
we attribute failure to attain goal more strongly to self than other factors, producing more psychological discomfort than in II
outline generalisation effects for performing planned behaviour
perform planned behaviours when encountering planned situ, BUT ALSO if encountering sufficiently similar non-planned situation
outline Brewster (2016) evidence of generalisation effect for plan
ppt with II show less speeding behaviour when similar situation, suggest II facilitates goal attainment when situational cue difficult to predict and subject to change
outline Sheeran et al (2024) meta-analytic review of effects of forming implementation intentions
forming II has small-medium effect for goal attainment
