PSY2001 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 4

Question 1

define goal intentions

Answer 1

specify goals related to certain outcomes/actions

Question 2

define implementation intentions

Answer 2

specify when, where, how one wants to perform goal-directed responses (instrumental thoughts, feelings, actions to help realise formed goal intention) and need to be linked to critical situational cues that specify either opportunity to be seized or obstacle to be overcome

Question 3

outline Health Action Process approach

Answer 3

intention is start point to health behaviour, but only translate into action after specifying action plans and coping plans. includes motivation vs volition

Question 4

define motivational processes (Health Action Process approach)

Answer 4

lead up to formation of intentions. motivational variables can include attitude (if we view something positively more motivated to caryr out behaviour relating to it)
- action self-efficacy
- outcome expectancies
- intention

Question 5

define volitional processes (Health Action Process approach)

Answer 5

involved in translation of intention into action (post-intentional), eg; monitoring goal progress, planning
- volitional self-efficacy
- action planning
- coping planning

Question 6

define action planning (Health Action Process approach)

Answer 6

process of linking goal-directed behaviours to certain environmental cues by specifying when, where and how to act

Question 7

define coping planning (Health Action Process approach)

Answer 7

identifying barriers that might derail intended actions and forming plans to manage or overcome them - mental stimulation of overcoming anticipated barriers to action

Question 8

give example of coping planning

Answer 8

how are you going to plan to cope with a barrier that might prevent an action. eg: put recycling bin closer than rubbish bin so it’s easier to motivate self for recycling

Question 9

name the 4 phases of Rubicon Model of Action Phases

Answer 9

1. predecisional phase
2. preactional phase
3. action phase
4. postactional phase

Question 10

explain 1. predecisional phase of Rubicon Model of Action Phases

Answer 10

deliberate over which goal to pursue, then form intentions (outcome = intention)

Question 11

explain 2. preactional phase of Rubicon Model of Action Phases

Answer 11

decide when, where and how to act (outcome = implementation intentions)

Question 12

explain 3. action phase of Rubicon Model of Action Phases

Answer 12

behaviour initiated, maintained if necessary (outcome = behaviour)

Question 13

explain 4. postactional phase of Rubicon Model of Action Phases

Answer 13

outcome is evaluated against what was desired

Question 14

outline what an implementation intention is

Answer 14

if situation y arises then initiate behaviour z

Question 15

what do “if”, and “then” components of implementation intention mean

Answer 15

“if” component identifies good opportunity to act (time and place)
“then” component identifies an effective goal-directed response (initiate an action)

Question 16

how are implementation intentions different to action and coping plan

Answer 16

implementation intention take contingent if-then format
“then” can (but doesn’t need to) specify action
“if” can (but doesn’t need to) specify barrier
so II are subtype of action/coping plans

Question 17

when are implementation intentions a action/coping plan

Answer 17

if can be specified in an if/then manner, then is an implementation intention
if cannot it is an action/coping plan

Question 18

outline study by Oettingen et al (2000) into if the if/then format matters

Answer 18

goal intention cdn: will perform as many maths tasks as possible at 9am
II cdn: if is 9am, will perform as many math task as possible
takes contingent format but exact same info present in both
in goal intention cdn completed puzzle later than intended (eg, 5pm) than II cdn
if/then format means planning more effective and is more likely to be translated into action

Question 19

how does different types of planning promote goal achievement - outline Sniehotta (2005) study with cardiac problems

Answer 19

patient advised for exercise, studied intention, action planning, coping planning (what to do if faced with setback), behaviour
used hierarchical linear regression, see if one variable impacted over others (age, physical ability, action planning, coping planning)
found age most important factor, and those with coping plans exercised more 4month post-discharge
coping plan not present at 2 months suggesting helps to maintain goal pursuit over coping against setback

Question 20

what does action planning help an individual

Answer 20

assist to identify salient cues leading to action
cues trigger intended action and helps people to get started

Question 21

what does coping planning help people to do

Answer 21

overcome obstacles, cope with difficulties by anticipating personal risk situation (endangers performance of intended behaviour), plan coping response in detail
prevent goal striving being derailed by obstacles

Question 22

name 2 cognitive processes that allow implementation intentions to work

Answer 22

1. heighted cue accessibility
2. strong cue-response linkages

Question 23

outline heightened cue accessibility as a cognitive process mediating implementation intention effects on behaviour

Answer 23

mental representation of critical situation and highly accessible, has important downstream effects on memory, attention, perception
means people “perceptually ready” for encountering situation

Question 24

what does being perceptually ready, via heightened cue accessibility, allow

Answer 24

more likely to recall info, facilitate early perceptual processing, readily detect goal-relevant opportunities and obstacles

Question 25

outline Webb & Sheeran (2004) study into heightened cue accessibility

Answer 25

goal intention cdn: intend to count all F’s in paragraph on my fingers
implementation intention cdn: as soon as I see F, I’ll add 1 more to it on my finger
found II cdn detected more cue

Question 26

outline strong cue-response linkages as a cognitive process mediating implementation intention effects on behaviour

Answer 26

implementation intention by forming if/then plan creates strong associative link between opportunity and intended response allowing automatic initiation of planned response once entered specific situation
means less deliberation

Question 27

what are strengths of strong cue-response linkages

Answer 27

automaticity, immediacy, efficiency, reduced controllability
associative links created by implementation intention stable over time, allow postponing planned behaviour to future events

Question 28

outline Aart & Dijksterhuis (2000) cycling research for processes mediating implementation intentions

Answer 28

measured extent to which cycling was habitual
ppt given sample of travel locations and counted number of times travelled there (divided into habitual/non-hab cylist)
randomly allocated to plan travel goal vs plan fixing puncture
association task - location appear on screen, then mode of transport, is presented mode realistic?
DV- how quick ppt identify cycling as appropraite
found habitual cyclist for unrelated plan (puncture) quicker than non-hab
hab/non-hab both respond as fast in related plan cdn (route), suggest creating plan regardless of past experience most important

Question 29

explain how implementation intention leads to goal achievement (pathway it follows)

Answer 29

implementation intention causes heightened cue accessibility + strong cue-response link
this causes strategic automaticity
and lead to goal achievement

Question 30

explain tenacious and flexible goal striving

Answer 30

strike balance= need tenacity to stay on track but flexibility, if performing goal-directed behaviour costly with efforts seeming futile

Question 31

explain motivational intensity theory for tenacious and flexible goal striving

Answer 31

more effort is invested, as goal becomes more challenging until expenditure of effort seems unjustified or impossible

Question 32

explain Leventhal (1965) study with tetanus shot for evidence of planning promoting goal achievement

Answer 32

manipulated fear/not: high fear cdn heard wording constructing unplesant image
action planning cdn/not: given shot location, times available, where to go
not enough to just motivate ppt, need to help with action plan
only 59 eligible but only 9 went
for those given action plan, more actually carried it out

Question 33

explain Rodda (2020) study with gambling for evidence of planning promoting goal achievement

Answer 33

gamblers into casino, completed Problem Gambling Severity Index
how much money intended to spend, catagorised into moderate-low/high risk
assessment only cdn: ppt describe readiness to use strategy to limit
assessment+action/coping plan cdn: ppt specify how, what, when implementing strategy, identify barrier, way of addressing them
those forming if/then plan stuck to their intention in high-risk

Question 34

explain Zang (2019) review for evidence of planning promoting goal achievement

Answer 34

reviewed effect of action/coping planning
used weighted regression, beta weight (correlation between predictor eg; action planning and behaviours)
beta (broadly equilvant to r)
those with strong intention more likely to form action/cope plan
both action/cope planning positively associate with behaviour

Question 35

outline failure to attain a goal attributions

Answer 35

goal striving with II seen as less demanding and easier than goal striving with goal intention
we attribute failure to attain goal more strongly to self than other factors, producing more psychological discomfort than in II

Question 36

outline generalisation effects for performing planned behaviour

Answer 36

perform planned behaviours when encountering planned situ, BUT ALSO if encountering sufficiently similar non-planned situation

Question 37

outline Brewster (2016) evidence of generalisation effect for plan

Answer 37

ppt with II show less speeding behaviour when similar situation, suggest II facilitates goal attainment when situational cue difficult to predict and subject to change

Question 38

outline Sheeran et al (2024) meta-analytic review of effects of forming implementation intentions

Answer 38

forming II has small-medium effect for goal attainment