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PSY2001 SEMESTER 1 > PSY2001 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 6 > Flashcards

PSY2001 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 6 Flashcards

1
Q

how do trait theory explain how personality develops

A

trait theories do not explain how personality develop, but only explains differences in personality

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2
Q

define dark triad

A

personality traits are maladaptive, but still within normal range of functioning (subclinical = present in broader community)
the 3 traits are on continuum

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3
Q

name the 3 dark triad traits

A

narcissism, machiavellianism, psychopathy

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4
Q

define narcissism

A

grandiose, yet fragile sense of self, as well as preoccupied with success, demand for admiration

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5
Q

what is origin of narcissism

A

man called Narcissus known for beauty but cold-heart demeanor, fell in love with own reflection and was obsessed. wasted away whilst gazing at own reflection

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6
Q

name the components of clinical narcisissm

A

grandiosity, entitlement, dominance, superiority but also vulnerable aspects

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7
Q

name the 3 components of sub-clinical narcissism

A
  1. excessively self-centred and strong sense of entitlement, preoccupation with success
  2. require excessive admiration, believe are special so insist on associating with only high-status people
  3. inflated egos have root of deeply-held feeling of inferiority = envious of others and dimish others succeeses
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8
Q

define machiavelliansim

A

personality trait that refers to “a strategy of social conduct that involves manipulating others for personal gain, often against others self-interest”

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9
Q

what is origin of machiavelliansim

A

philospher book disucssing tactics of leader to maintain power to achieve political goals. necessary for leaders to ruthless, cunning, willing to use any means to achieve and maintain their political authorities

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10
Q

what quote sums up machiavellianism

A

never attempt to win by force what can be won by deception

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11
Q

name traits of machiavellianism

A

cynical, unprincipled, believe in interpersonal manipulation as key for lifes success

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12
Q

name 3 components of machiavelliansim

A
  1. master manipulater with range of careful deliberate maniupation (eg; flattering) for personal gain
  2. unethical, counterproductive behaviour (lying, theft, sabotage)
  3. a cynical view of human nature, little concern of others welfare, above own
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13
Q

which of dark triad is not clinical

A

machiavellianism

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14
Q

define psychopathy

A

drive to engage in impulsive or antisocial behaviour without empathy, anxiety, remorse

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15
Q

name 3 components of psychopathy

A
  1. impulsive, thrill seeking, risky behaviour and not consider consequences
  2. callous, lacking empathy
  3. lack emotional bonds, no guilt or remose
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16
Q

what is prevalence of psychopathy in prison population and normal population

A

15-20% prison
1% normal

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17
Q

what is most malevolent trait in dark triad

A

psychopathy = showing wish to do evil to others

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18
Q

what is genetics as an origin of dark triad evidence

A

behaviours present in juveniles, all 3 have a substantial genetic component

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19
Q

what component of dark triad is most likely to be modified by experience

A

machiavellianism, shared environmental component

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20
Q

what is evolutionary theory for dark triad

A

predatory subgroups of:
1. fast life strategy, emphasise mating
2. slow reproductive strategy, emphasise parenting

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21
Q

define light triad

A

qualities embodying loving and beneficial orientation toward others “everyday saints”

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22
Q

name 3 components of light triad

A

kantianism, humanism, faith in humanity

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23
Q

define kantianism

A

treating people as ends unto themselves (not mere means)

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24
Q

define humanism

A

valuing dignity and worth of each individual

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25
Q

define faith in humanity

A

believing in fundamental goodness of humans

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26
Q

name a method of testing narcissism

A

NPI (narcissistic personality inventory)

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27
Q

what is NPI (narcissistic personality inventory) number of items, quote

A

40 forced choice items
(a. i only associate with high class people
b. i don’t care about a person’s social status)
can sometimes ask explicit if a narcissist

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28
Q

issue of NPI

A

overreliance on measure of grandiose aspect

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29
Q

name the way for measuring machiavellian

A

Mach IV

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30
Q

outline Mach IV

A

20 items
“best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear”
7.point Likert scale

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31
Q

give issue of Mach IV

A

lacks agreement on how many subfactors comprise scale
research suggest ranging 3-9 different subscale
poor internal consistenvy, some research suggest removing 1/2 items

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32
Q

name a way of measuring psychopathy

A

SRP (self-report Psychopathy scale, SRP-III)

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33
Q

what is SRP

A

64 items
“I purposely tried to hit someone with car”
5.point Likert scale

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34
Q

name issue of SRP

A

lack of consensus concerning what subclinical psychopathy refers to and how it differs from clinical psychopathy

35
Q

name strength of SRP

A

psychometric foundation a latent trait for all 4 subscales, meaning total scores a meaningful measure for psychopathy

36
Q

name 2 common way to test dark triad

A

Dirty dozen
Short dark triad

37
Q

what is dirty dozen

A

12 items
4 in each dimension

38
Q

give issues of dirty dozen

A
  1. 4 item not enough to explore construct
  2. convergent validity assessed by comparing DD subscales with established measure of each subscale found SRP-III correlate stronger with machiavllian, and correlation between 3 item quite small (would expect them to correlate high with separate measure)
39
Q

outline Short dark triad

A

27 items, 9 per dimension

40
Q

name strength of short dark triad

A

more items in each subscale to better represent each of dimension

41
Q

name issue of short dark triad

A

factor analysis studies consistently fail to reproduce 3 factor structure
machiavellian + psychopathy often cluster into single factor

42
Q

what is unification hypothesis (a weakness of dark triad)

A

debate if traits are independent (could represent a single construct)
unification hypothesis state trait show strong, positive intercorrelation and found to load onto same factor in factor analysis

43
Q

what is uniqueness hypothesis

A

3 traits have different patterns of associations with other traits and outcome variables

44
Q

how is 3 traits not being enough to capute human darkness a weakness of dark triad

A

belief that subclinical sadism also should be in (dark tedrad)
separate narcissism into grandiose and vulnerable factors
primary, secondary form of psychopathy

45
Q

define subclinical sadism

A

proneness to feel pleasant emotions while hurting others or watching others in pain

46
Q

what other factors are proposed to also be included in dark triad

A

subclinical sadism, grandiose+vulnerable narcissism
borderline disorder, status-driven risk-taking, social dominance, orientation, aggression sensitivity, sensational interests

47
Q

what is highest and the lowest mean correlation between for dark triad

A

psychopathy and machiavellianism
lowest btw/ narcissism, machiavellaism

48
Q

outline light triad scale

A

12 items (4 per dimension)
guided by q of what would everyday loving, beneficial outlook on others look like in direct contrast to everyday antagonistic oritention of those scoring high on dark traits

49
Q

name issues of light triad scale

A
  1. SDB
  2. lack evidence (new scale) and lack cross-cultural validity
50
Q

what is nomological network of dark & light triad

A

network of traits, qualities and outcomes that you would expect to be associated with a trait to demonstrate that it is a valid construct

51
Q

what does nomological network help to do

A

establish measures with construct validity (extent to which measure behaves in a way consistent with hypothesis and represent how well scores on instrument are indicative of construct)

52
Q

how can nomological network be assessed

A
  1. correlate measure with measures expected to have high correlation = convergent validity
  2. correlate measure with measures expect to not be correlated (discriminate validity)
  3. explore whether traits correlate or predict outcomes in line with expected hypothesis (predictive validity)
53
Q

define convergent validity

A

correlate measure with measures expected to have high correlation

54
Q

define discriminate validity

A

correlate measure with measures expect to not be correlated

55
Q

define predictive validity

A

explore whether traits correlate or predict outcomes in line with expected hypothesis

56
Q

what is relationship between dark triad and big 5 trait of agreeableness

A

all traits neg associate with agreeableness
largest correlation psychopathy

57
Q

what is relationship between dark triad and big 5 trait of conscientiousness

A

all traits neg associate with conscientiousness
largest correlation was with machiavellianism

58
Q

what big 5 trait has positive association with narcisissm

A

extraversion, openness

59
Q

what dark triad trait strongly associates with low modesty and low straightforwardness

A

narcissism

60
Q

what dark triad trait association strongest with low deliberation and low dutifulness

A

psychopathy

61
Q

what are strongest correlates of narcissism (subfacets of big 5)

A

achievement, striving, competence

62
Q

what is HEXACO Big 6, and its relevance on dark triad

A

adding honesty-humility to big 5
explicitly contrasts pro-social and anti-social behaviour, so factor more relevant to dark triad than any of big 5

63
Q

outline psychology students prevalence of dark triad traits (compared to economics, law, politics)

A

lower on machiavellian than other
lower on narcissism than economics
no difference on psychopathy

64
Q

outline Twenge (2008) research on if narcissism is increasing

A

since 1982, narcissism score increased sigificantly
NPI score 30% higher in most recent cohort compared to first coort, especially in women

65
Q

outline relationship between social media and narcissism (Reed, 2018)

A

more time spent, post frequency, follower numbers
specifically possting selfies (25% increases narcissism)
but only for visual social media (not twitter)

66
Q

Brummelman (2015) measured impact of parenting styles on child self-esteem, narcissim, parental warmth, parental overevaluation. what predicted what

A

parental overevaluation predict narcissism but not self esteem
parental warmth predict self-esteem but not narcissism

67
Q

how can light vs dark triad balance be calculated

A

subtract persons score on dark triad from scores on light triad

68
Q

what is average light vs dark triad balance score

A

1.3, suggest average more toward light (extreme dark traits rarer than extreme light)

69
Q

what is light triad positively, and negatively correlated with for big 5

A

pos= openness, conscientioussness, extroversion
neg= negative emotionality (neuroticism, unstable emotion)

70
Q

outline dark triad correlation with differing worldview

A

correlate with pos view of world/future and belief that humans are good
not high correlation for positive self view and belief that one is good

71
Q

what are world views (for correlation)

A

subscales of positive views of self, world, future
general belief of humans, self-good

72
Q

name characterstics of a dark triad (type of individual, motivations etc)

A

young male
motivated by power, achieving, sex

73
Q

what is stereotypical darker triad individual have more of

A

childhood unpredictability, selfishness, self-enhancement values
casual sexual partners, creativity and bravery, assertiveness and leadership

74
Q

what is stereotypical darker triad individual have less of

A

life satisfaction, compassion, empathy, belief that others are good, belief that one’s own self is good

75
Q

who is stereotypically a light triad

A

older female and spiritual

76
Q

what is stereotypical light triad individual have more of

A

childhood stability, acceptance of others, compassion, empathy, life satisfaction, positive enthusiasm, belief that other and self good
proclivity for interpersonal guilt and excessive trust, compassion so is open to exploitation

77
Q

what is stereotypical light triad individual have less of

A

motive of achievement, self-enhancement

78
Q

outline role of dark triad in workplace - toxic leadership

A

combining with intelligence and attractiveness aids leadership
successful psychopathy, narcissists flourish but eventually fall from grace

79
Q

outline role of dark triad in education, and what each component predicts

A

cheating, essay plaigarism
psychopath= exam copying
machiavllisn= essay plaigarism
both = claims extra unearned credits

80
Q

outline role of dark triad in mating behaviour

A

male puruse short term impulsive
psychopath show clear impulsive mating strategy as path to reproductiv success to ensure short-term mating styles stay in gene pool, aggressive strategies
love struck machiavellian, but is most flexible (strategic and maintains relationship_

81
Q

outline role of dark triad in interpersonal behaviour

A

prejudice against immigrant, social domminance, ruthless self advancement
psychopaths= tattoos for intimidation
machiavellian= cynical
psych/mach= morally suspect

82
Q

outline humour styles for dark triad

A

mach/psych= aggressive humour style
narcissist= affiliative

83
Q
A

PSY2001 SEMESTER 1 (7 decks)

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