PSY2001 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 6 Flashcards
how do trait theory explain how personality develops
trait theories do not explain how personality develop, but only explains differences in personality
define dark triad
personality traits are maladaptive, but still within normal range of functioning (subclinical = present in broader community)
the 3 traits are on continuum
name the 3 dark triad traits
narcissism, machiavellianism, psychopathy
define narcissism
grandiose, yet fragile sense of self, as well as preoccupied with success, demand for admiration
what is origin of narcissism
man called Narcissus known for beauty but cold-heart demeanor, fell in love with own reflection and was obsessed. wasted away whilst gazing at own reflection
name the components of clinical narcisissm
grandiosity, entitlement, dominance, superiority but also vulnerable aspects
name the 3 components of sub-clinical narcissism
- excessively self-centred and strong sense of entitlement, preoccupation with success
- require excessive admiration, believe are special so insist on associating with only high-status people
- inflated egos have root of deeply-held feeling of inferiority = envious of others and dimish others succeeses
define machiavelliansim
personality trait that refers to “a strategy of social conduct that involves manipulating others for personal gain, often against others self-interest”
what is origin of machiavelliansim
philospher book disucssing tactics of leader to maintain power to achieve political goals. necessary for leaders to ruthless, cunning, willing to use any means to achieve and maintain their political authorities
what quote sums up machiavellianism
never attempt to win by force what can be won by deception
name traits of machiavellianism
cynical, unprincipled, believe in interpersonal manipulation as key for lifes success
name 3 components of machiavelliansim
- master manipulater with range of careful deliberate maniupation (eg; flattering) for personal gain
- unethical, counterproductive behaviour (lying, theft, sabotage)
- a cynical view of human nature, little concern of others welfare, above own
which of dark triad is not clinical
machiavellianism
define psychopathy
drive to engage in impulsive or antisocial behaviour without empathy, anxiety, remorse
name 3 components of psychopathy
- impulsive, thrill seeking, risky behaviour and not consider consequences
- callous, lacking empathy
- lack emotional bonds, no guilt or remose
what is prevalence of psychopathy in prison population and normal population
15-20% prison
1% normal
what is most malevolent trait in dark triad
psychopathy = showing wish to do evil to others
what is genetics as an origin of dark triad evidence
behaviours present in juveniles, all 3 have a substantial genetic component
what component of dark triad is most likely to be modified by experience
machiavellianism, shared environmental component
what is evolutionary theory for dark triad
predatory subgroups of:
1. fast life strategy, emphasise mating
2. slow reproductive strategy, emphasise parenting
define light triad
qualities embodying loving and beneficial orientation toward others “everyday saints”
name 3 components of light triad
kantianism, humanism, faith in humanity
define kantianism
treating people as ends unto themselves (not mere means)
define humanism
valuing dignity and worth of each individual
define faith in humanity
believing in fundamental goodness of humans
name a method of testing narcissism
NPI (narcissistic personality inventory)
what is NPI (narcissistic personality inventory) number of items, quote
40 forced choice items
(a. i only associate with high class people
b. i don’t care about a person’s social status)
can sometimes ask explicit if a narcissist
issue of NPI
overreliance on measure of grandiose aspect
name the way for measuring machiavellian
Mach IV
outline Mach IV
20 items
“best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear”
7.point Likert scale
give issue of Mach IV
lacks agreement on how many subfactors comprise scale
research suggest ranging 3-9 different subscale
poor internal consistenvy, some research suggest removing 1/2 items
name a way of measuring psychopathy
SRP (self-report Psychopathy scale, SRP-III)
what is SRP
64 items
“I purposely tried to hit someone with car”
5.point Likert scale
name issue of SRP
lack of consensus concerning what subclinical psychopathy refers to and how it differs from clinical psychopathy
name strength of SRP
psychometric foundation a latent trait for all 4 subscales, meaning total scores a meaningful measure for psychopathy
name 2 common way to test dark triad
Dirty dozen
Short dark triad
what is dirty dozen
12 items
4 in each dimension
give issues of dirty dozen
- 4 item not enough to explore construct
- convergent validity assessed by comparing DD subscales with established measure of each subscale found SRP-III correlate stronger with machiavllian, and correlation between 3 item quite small (would expect them to correlate high with separate measure)
outline Short dark triad
27 items, 9 per dimension
name strength of short dark triad
more items in each subscale to better represent each of dimension
name issue of short dark triad
factor analysis studies consistently fail to reproduce 3 factor structure
machiavellian + psychopathy often cluster into single factor
what is unification hypothesis (a weakness of dark triad)
debate if traits are independent (could represent a single construct)
unification hypothesis state trait show strong, positive intercorrelation and found to load onto same factor in factor analysis
what is uniqueness hypothesis
3 traits have different patterns of associations with other traits and outcome variables
how is 3 traits not being enough to capute human darkness a weakness of dark triad
belief that subclinical sadism also should be in (dark tedrad)
separate narcissism into grandiose and vulnerable factors
primary, secondary form of psychopathy
define subclinical sadism
proneness to feel pleasant emotions while hurting others or watching others in pain
what other factors are proposed to also be included in dark triad
subclinical sadism, grandiose+vulnerable narcissism
borderline disorder, status-driven risk-taking, social dominance, orientation, aggression sensitivity, sensational interests
what is highest and the lowest mean correlation between for dark triad
psychopathy and machiavellianism
lowest btw/ narcissism, machiavellaism
outline light triad scale
12 items (4 per dimension)
guided by q of what would everyday loving, beneficial outlook on others look like in direct contrast to everyday antagonistic oritention of those scoring high on dark traits
name issues of light triad scale
- SDB
- lack evidence (new scale) and lack cross-cultural validity
what is nomological network of dark & light triad
network of traits, qualities and outcomes that you would expect to be associated with a trait to demonstrate that it is a valid construct
what does nomological network help to do
establish measures with construct validity (extent to which measure behaves in a way consistent with hypothesis and represent how well scores on instrument are indicative of construct)
how can nomological network be assessed
- correlate measure with measures expected to have high correlation = convergent validity
- correlate measure with measures expect to not be correlated (discriminate validity)
- explore whether traits correlate or predict outcomes in line with expected hypothesis (predictive validity)
define convergent validity
correlate measure with measures expected to have high correlation
define discriminate validity
correlate measure with measures expect to not be correlated
define predictive validity
explore whether traits correlate or predict outcomes in line with expected hypothesis
what is relationship between dark triad and big 5 trait of agreeableness
all traits neg associate with agreeableness
largest correlation psychopathy
what is relationship between dark triad and big 5 trait of conscientiousness
all traits neg associate with conscientiousness
largest correlation was with machiavellianism
what big 5 trait has positive association with narcisissm
extraversion, openness
what dark triad trait strongly associates with low modesty and low straightforwardness
narcissism
what dark triad trait association strongest with low deliberation and low dutifulness
psychopathy
what are strongest correlates of narcissism (subfacets of big 5)
achievement, striving, competence
what is HEXACO Big 6, and its relevance on dark triad
adding honesty-humility to big 5
explicitly contrasts pro-social and anti-social behaviour, so factor more relevant to dark triad than any of big 5
outline psychology students prevalence of dark triad traits (compared to economics, law, politics)
lower on machiavellian than other
lower on narcissism than economics
no difference on psychopathy
outline Twenge (2008) research on if narcissism is increasing
since 1982, narcissism score increased sigificantly
NPI score 30% higher in most recent cohort compared to first coort, especially in women
outline relationship between social media and narcissism (Reed, 2018)
more time spent, post frequency, follower numbers
specifically possting selfies (25% increases narcissism)
but only for visual social media (not twitter)
Brummelman (2015) measured impact of parenting styles on child self-esteem, narcissim, parental warmth, parental overevaluation. what predicted what
parental overevaluation predict narcissism but not self esteem
parental warmth predict self-esteem but not narcissism
how can light vs dark triad balance be calculated
subtract persons score on dark triad from scores on light triad
what is average light vs dark triad balance score
1.3, suggest average more toward light (extreme dark traits rarer than extreme light)
what is light triad positively, and negatively correlated with for big 5
pos= openness, conscientioussness, extroversion
neg= negative emotionality (neuroticism, unstable emotion)
outline dark triad correlation with differing worldview
correlate with pos view of world/future and belief that humans are good
not high correlation for positive self view and belief that one is good
what are world views (for correlation)
subscales of positive views of self, world, future
general belief of humans, self-good
name characterstics of a dark triad (type of individual, motivations etc)
young male
motivated by power, achieving, sex
what is stereotypical darker triad individual have more of
childhood unpredictability, selfishness, self-enhancement values
casual sexual partners, creativity and bravery, assertiveness and leadership
what is stereotypical darker triad individual have less of
life satisfaction, compassion, empathy, belief that others are good, belief that one’s own self is good
who is stereotypically a light triad
older female and spiritual
what is stereotypical light triad individual have more of
childhood stability, acceptance of others, compassion, empathy, life satisfaction, positive enthusiasm, belief that other and self good
proclivity for interpersonal guilt and excessive trust, compassion so is open to exploitation
what is stereotypical light triad individual have less of
motive of achievement, self-enhancement
outline role of dark triad in workplace - toxic leadership
combining with intelligence and attractiveness aids leadership
successful psychopathy, narcissists flourish but eventually fall from grace
outline role of dark triad in education, and what each component predicts
cheating, essay plaigarism
psychopath= exam copying
machiavllisn= essay plaigarism
both = claims extra unearned credits
outline role of dark triad in mating behaviour
male puruse short term impulsive
psychopath show clear impulsive mating strategy as path to reproductiv success to ensure short-term mating styles stay in gene pool, aggressive strategies
love struck machiavellian, but is most flexible (strategic and maintains relationship_
outline role of dark triad in interpersonal behaviour
prejudice against immigrant, social domminance, ruthless self advancement
psychopaths= tattoos for intimidation
machiavellian= cynical
psych/mach= morally suspect
outline humour styles for dark triad
mach/psych= aggressive humour style
narcissist= affiliative
