PSY2001 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 5 Flashcards
define affiliation
act of associating and interacting with one or more individuals
what does affiliations not indicate
length, affective tones, quality of interaction
what is affiliation driven by?
need to feel sense of involvement and belonging in social group (fundamental social behaviour)
evolutionary perspective= need to affiliate to improve survival chances
what are the 4 reasons for affiliation, in multidimensional model of affiliation (Hill, 1987)
positive stimulation
emotional support
social comparison
receive attention
outline positive stimulation as one of 4 reasons for affiliation, in multidimensional model of affiliation (Hill, 1987)
interaction enjoyable and biased to rate other people positively, expect other as rewarding
similar area of brain activated in social reward
outline emotional support as one of 4 reasons for affiliation, in multidimensional model of affiliation (Hill, 1987)
when situations are stressful, fearful, uncertain
gain support, sympathy, compassion, nurturance
outline social comparison as 1 of 4 reasons for affiliation, in multidimensional model of affiliation (Hill, 1987)
obtain info, reduce uncertainty
provide guidance for correct response
outline receive attention as 1 of 4 reasons for affiliation, in multidimensional model of affiliation (Hill, 1987)
desires to be held in high regard and praise
outline social affiliation model (intrapersonal difference)
seek to maintain optimal level of social contact (differ in preferred interactive level)
homeostasis principle (deviation from preferred level, adjust behaviour to return)
episode of solitude= seek out opportunity for affiliation
high contact= withdraw, affiliating less
can adjust beforehand
give a weakness of social affiliation model
doesn’t attempt to explain why external circumstance, not past/expected interaction motivates us to seek/avoid affiliation
name the biological explanation for interpersonal differences in affiliation
brain imaging research=
social interaction produce more CNS arousal in introvert>extroverts
may avoid social interactions to prevent arousal reach uncomfortable level
define interpersonal difference
differences between people in extent to which typically need to affiliate compared to others
define intrapersonal difference
an individuals desire to be with others fluctuate over time, in different context
outline cultural explanation of interpersonal differences for affiliation
more individualistic culture means more members desired affiliation
when can proximity and familiarity (interpersonal differences) promote or limit affiliations
regular contact is impactful
can undermine attraction and desire to affiliate if other is socially unpleasant, exessive contact means boredom, repeated exposure means reveal has less in common
name nonsocial associations to achieve goals
interaction purely for gaining something
name social associations to achieve goals
only satisfied by other people
what did Schachter conclude on what affiliations are used for
to evaluate own reaction, attaining state of cognitive clarity
when do we prefer waiting with other (Schachter research)
wait with others unless they were not receiving shock
primary goal to obtain social comparison info to access own impending shock reactions
what are differences between first and second born for waiting, parental support etc
first born prefer to wait with others when afraid (faster, more consistent parental support)
more likely to use psychotherapy but 2nd born uses alcohol abuse
name factors that promote affiliation in others
immediacy behaviour (open, friendly, interested)
highly motivated to seek interaction shows more immediacy behaviours
induce others to affiliate by prompt them to talk on self (attentive expressions, seem comfortable, agreeable, giving sense of enjoying interaction)
back channel response (vocal utterances of attentiveness)
outline continuum of acceptance - rejection
extreme pole of acceptance of activelly seeking them as relational partner, down to tolerating presence
rejection range from ignoring, to explicit exclusion
evolved disposition to seek acceptance and avoid rejection
affiliation alone not sufficient and need to form interpersonal relationships
define relational value
degree to which one person regards their relationships with another individual as valuable or important
what does increasing perceived relational value lead to
perception of acceptance
what does decreasing perceived relational value lead to
feelings of rejection
why is there a motivation to maintain high relational value
increased likelihood of acceptance and access to desired social and material outcomes
name 4 main factors to increase one’s relational value and chances of being accepted
- possessing socially desirable traits (friendly, caring, easy to talk to)
- showing reciprocity in relationships (norm of reciprocity in SD)
- physical attractiveness (better liked, sought as partner)
- achievement and competence
outline halo effect
attractive are judged more positive on dimenion (personality, social skills, future prospects)
what do meta-analysis result contrast in going against halo effect
no relationship between attractiveness and intelligence, dominance, self-esteem, mental health
but less socialyl anxious, more social skill, less lonely because of more opportunities and treated better
outline evolutional theory of why physical attractiveness is important for acceptance
role in signalling genetic fitness
absence of pathogen/disease
what are reasons for why achievement and competence are sought after when looking at relational values
beneficial skills for others and desire reward of achievement
more interesting, desire for association with success
what is impression management
direct/indirect effort in promoting relational values and acceptance. 5 primary self-presentation tactics
- integration
- self-promotion
- exemplification
- supplication
- intimidation
outline paraxoical consequences of socially undesirable images
conveying socially undesirable image may also increase relational value due to avoiding social costs from disinterest or rejection
what interpersonal factors can affect acceptance
perceived as similar to self
unconscious mimicry if in high need of belonging
may play dumb to increase chances, if other is put off by intelligence
if being a good group member, what will we try to do
conform if seeing others being ridiculed and less likely if other non conformists present
avoid conflict, censor objection that might undermine group harmony, avoid jeopardy of their position in groups
name the types of explicit rejection
ostracism
prejudice and discrimination
stigmatisation
name the types of implicit devaluation and rejection
bullying
criticism
betrayal
interpersonal favouritism
define ostracism
experience of being excluded/ignored by another individual or group
how can ostracism be simulated in experimental study
ppt enters group of confederates, ignored (debriefing at end)
excluded from group discussions, computerised ball game, chosen last in teams
“get acquainted” paradigm then seperate ppt and confed, tell ppt confed no longer wanted interaction (active dissasociation)
what can chronic deprivation of acceptance cause
lower psych wellbeing and higher Bp, long term physiological response
define stigmatisation, in terms of acceptance
possession of negative attributes discredit social identity, low relational value, outright rejection
outline bullying as implicit rejection
viewed as low relational value
outline criticism as implicit rejection
conveys low relational value and possessing undesirable trait, undermine relational value
outline betrayal as implicit rejection
indicates devaluation of relationship between people
outline interpersonal favouritism in implicit rejection
favouring another person who is regarded as equal or inferior
name some consequence of rejection
fundamental human needs
self-esteem
hurt feelings
loneliness and homesickness
Williams model of ostracism suggested rejection threatens what 4 fundamental human need
belonging
control
self-esteem
meaningful existence
outline Williams (2002) research on fundamental human needs
ppts did 15min group discussion on topic w 2 confederates
inclusion cdn vs exclusion cdn
found ostracised ppts had lower mood, depleted belonging, control, self-esteem, meaningful experience
name examples of where reduced self-esteem can be observed in lab experiments, or rejection in normal life
lab = rejection, disapproval, ostracism and lack of interest studies
real life= unrequited love, being bullied
even those unconcerned with others opinions experience change in self-esteem after devaluing feedbacks
outline Zardo (2005) study into ostracism impacting self-esteem
ppt take part in role-play acting of 5min train ride
source vs ostracism targets
studied if rejection specifically or just being involved in negative event/argument
source told to ignore target (ostracism), or argue
found being ostracised vs argument had significantly lower self-esteem
as target of ostracism didn’t have opportunity to actively engage in the conflict
outline Snapp & Leary (2001) study into hurt feelings
ppt told study on how people choose who to spend time
told will introduce self to ppt with another ppt there, and other ppt will decide who they choose to spend their time with
low familiarity cdn: ppt and confed interact briefly before study (surface-level)
high familiarity cdn: ppt and confed interacts in more detail
ppt go into room, introduce self into a microphone, and either acceptance condition or rejection condition
rejected ppt had more hurt feelings
but felt more hurt in low familiarity cdn suggesting stronger relational devaluation
name 5 categories of hurtful events that occur specifically in close relationships
- active disassociation
- passive disassociation
- criticism
- infidelity
- deception
how do people react to negative social event if are feeling lonely
react stronger, experience fewer benefits of positive interpersonal experiences
perceved as negative, anxious
and paradoxical= behaviour of loneliness cause distance, further lowering acceptance
less accurate at decoding facial expression, more attuned to signs of acceptance
does identity of rejector matter? (Leary, 2010)
no, rejection produces neg emotion, reduced self esteem regardless of identity of rejector
lab study involve rejection by strangers and often don’t meet person
outline study into rejection by despised groups (Gonsalkorale & Williams, 2007)
ppt indicate preference for 1 of 3 group
(labour, liberal, klu klux klan)
cyberball game, excluded or included
ostracism caused depletion need satisfaction regardless of groups membership
even exclusions by despised had negative effect
outline sociometer theory of why rejection hurts
psychological system for monitoring environment for cues indicating relational value (acceptance and rejection)
activated if concerned on rejection, alert individual via negative affect and low self-esteem, increase belonging needs, access social info to navigate successfully in social world
in sociometer theory for rejections hurting, why does concern become salient
detection of cues that relational value is low, dispositionally high in traits wanting acceptance, or chronically feel their social relationships are deficient
those socially excluded have selective memory for sociall relevant info
those with high dispositional needs have greater accuracy in identifying facial expression, vocal tone, and greater empathetic accuracies
