PSY2001 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 5

Question 1

define affiliation

Answer 1

act of associating and interacting with one or more individuals

Question 2

what does affiliations not indicate

Answer 2

length, affective tones, quality of interaction

Question 3

what is affiliation driven by?

Answer 3

need to feel sense of involvement and belonging in social group (fundamental social behaviour)
evolutionary perspective= need to affiliate to improve survival chances

Question 4

what are the 4 reasons for affiliation, in multidimensional model of affiliation (Hill, 1987)

Answer 4

positive stimulation
emotional support
social comparison
receive attention

Question 5

outline positive stimulation as one of 4 reasons for affiliation, in multidimensional model of affiliation (Hill, 1987)

Answer 5

interaction enjoyable and biased to rate other people positively, expect other as rewarding
similar area of brain activated in social reward

Question 6

outline emotional support as one of 4 reasons for affiliation, in multidimensional model of affiliation (Hill, 1987)

Answer 6

when situations are stressful, fearful, uncertain
gain support, sympathy, compassion, nurturance

Question 7

outline social comparison as 1 of 4 reasons for affiliation, in multidimensional model of affiliation (Hill, 1987)

Answer 7

obtain info, reduce uncertainty
provide guidance for correct response

Question 8

outline receive attention as 1 of 4 reasons for affiliation, in multidimensional model of affiliation (Hill, 1987)

Answer 8

desires to be held in high regard and praise

Question 9

outline social affiliation model (intrapersonal difference)

Answer 9

seek to maintain optimal level of social contact (differ in preferred interactive level)
homeostasis principle (deviation from preferred level, adjust behaviour to return)
episode of solitude= seek out opportunity for affiliation
high contact= withdraw, affiliating less
can adjust beforehand

Question 10

give a weakness of social affiliation model

Answer 10

doesn’t attempt to explain why external circumstance, not past/expected interaction motivates us to seek/avoid affiliation

Question 11

name the biological explanation for interpersonal differences in affiliation

Answer 11

brain imaging research=
social interaction produce more CNS arousal in introvert>extroverts
may avoid social interactions to prevent arousal reach uncomfortable level

Question 12

define interpersonal difference

Answer 12

differences between people in extent to which typically need to affiliate compared to others

Question 13

define intrapersonal difference

Answer 13

an individuals desire to be with others fluctuate over time, in different context

Question 14

outline cultural explanation of interpersonal differences for affiliation

Answer 14

more individualistic culture means more members desired affiliation

Question 15

when can proximity and familiarity (interpersonal differences) promote or limit affiliations

Answer 15

regular contact is impactful
can undermine attraction and desire to affiliate if other is socially unpleasant, exessive contact means boredom, repeated exposure means reveal has less in common

Question 17

name nonsocial associations to achieve goals

Answer 17

interaction purely for gaining something

Question 18

name social associations to achieve goals

Answer 18

only satisfied by other people

Question 19

what did Schachter conclude on what affiliations are used for

Answer 19

to evaluate own reaction, attaining state of cognitive clarity

Question 20

when do we prefer waiting with other (Schachter research)

Answer 20

wait with others unless they were not receiving shock
primary goal to obtain social comparison info to access own impending shock reactions

Question 21

what are differences between first and second born for waiting, parental support etc

Answer 21

first born prefer to wait with others when afraid (faster, more consistent parental support)
more likely to use psychotherapy but 2nd born uses alcohol abuse

Question 22

name factors that promote affiliation in others

Answer 22

immediacy behaviour (open, friendly, interested)
highly motivated to seek interaction shows more immediacy behaviours
induce others to affiliate by prompt them to talk on self (attentive expressions, seem comfortable, agreeable, giving sense of enjoying interaction)
back channel response (vocal utterances of attentiveness)

Question 23

outline continuum of acceptance - rejection

Answer 23

extreme pole of acceptance of activelly seeking them as relational partner, down to tolerating presence
rejection range from ignoring, to explicit exclusion
evolved disposition to seek acceptance and avoid rejection
affiliation alone not sufficient and need to form interpersonal relationships

Question 24

define relational value

Answer 24

degree to which one person regards their relationships with another individual as valuable or important

Question 25

what does increasing perceived relational value lead to

Answer 25

perception of acceptance

Question 26

what does decreasing perceived relational value lead to

Answer 26

feelings of rejection

Question 27

why is there a motivation to maintain high relational value

Answer 27

increased likelihood of acceptance and access to desired social and material outcomes

Question 28

name 4 main factors to increase one’s relational value and chances of being accepted

Answer 28

1. possessing socially desirable traits (friendly, caring, easy to talk to)
2. showing reciprocity in relationships (norm of reciprocity in SD)
3. physical attractiveness (better liked, sought as partner)
4. achievement and competence

Question 29

outline halo effect

Answer 29

attractive are judged more positive on dimenion (personality, social skills, future prospects)

Question 30

what do meta-analysis result contrast in going against halo effect

Answer 30

no relationship between attractiveness and intelligence, dominance, self-esteem, mental health
but less socialyl anxious, more social skill, less lonely because of more opportunities and treated better

Question 31

outline evolutional theory of why physical attractiveness is important for acceptance

Answer 31

role in signalling genetic fitness
absence of pathogen/disease

Question 32

what are reasons for why achievement and competence are sought after when looking at relational values

Answer 32

beneficial skills for others and desire reward of achievement
more interesting, desire for association with success

Question 33

what is impression management

Answer 33

direct/indirect effort in promoting relational values and acceptance. 5 primary self-presentation tactics
- integration
- self-promotion
- exemplification
- supplication
- intimidation

Question 34

outline paraxoical consequences of socially undesirable images

Answer 34

conveying socially undesirable image may also increase relational value due to avoiding social costs from disinterest or rejection

Question 35

what interpersonal factors can affect acceptance

Answer 35

perceived as similar to self
unconscious mimicry if in high need of belonging
may play dumb to increase chances, if other is put off by intelligence

Question 36

if being a good group member, what will we try to do

Answer 36

conform if seeing others being ridiculed and less likely if other non conformists present
avoid conflict, censor objection that might undermine group harmony, avoid jeopardy of their position in groups

Question 37

name the types of explicit rejection

Answer 37

ostracism
prejudice and discrimination
stigmatisation

Question 38

name the types of implicit devaluation and rejection

Answer 38

bullying
criticism
betrayal
interpersonal favouritism

Question 39

define ostracism

Answer 39

experience of being excluded/ignored by another individual or group

Question 40

how can ostracism be simulated in experimental study

Answer 40

ppt enters group of confederates, ignored (debriefing at end)
excluded from group discussions, computerised ball game, chosen last in teams
“get acquainted” paradigm then seperate ppt and confed, tell ppt confed no longer wanted interaction (active dissasociation)

Question 41

what can chronic deprivation of acceptance cause

Answer 41

lower psych wellbeing and higher Bp, long term physiological response

Question 42

define stigmatisation, in terms of acceptance

Answer 42

possession of negative attributes discredit social identity, low relational value, outright rejection

Question 43

outline bullying as implicit rejection

Answer 43

viewed as low relational value

Question 44

outline criticism as implicit rejection

Answer 44

conveys low relational value and possessing undesirable trait, undermine relational value

Question 45

outline betrayal as implicit rejection

Answer 45

indicates devaluation of relationship between people

Question 46

outline interpersonal favouritism in implicit rejection

Answer 46

favouring another person who is regarded as equal or inferior

Question 47

name some consequence of rejection

Answer 47

fundamental human needs
self-esteem
hurt feelings
loneliness and homesickness

Question 48

Williams model of ostracism suggested rejection threatens what 4 fundamental human need

Answer 48

belonging
control
self-esteem
meaningful existence

Question 49

outline Williams (2002) research on fundamental human needs

Answer 49

ppts did 15min group discussion on topic w 2 confederates
inclusion cdn vs exclusion cdn
found ostracised ppts had lower mood, depleted belonging, control, self-esteem, meaningful experience

Question 50

name examples of where reduced self-esteem can be observed in lab experiments, or rejection in normal life

Answer 50

lab = rejection, disapproval, ostracism and lack of interest studies
real life= unrequited love, being bullied
even those unconcerned with others opinions experience change in self-esteem after devaluing feedbacks

Question 51

outline Zardo (2005) study into ostracism impacting self-esteem

Answer 51

ppt take part in role-play acting of 5min train ride
source vs ostracism targets
studied if rejection specifically or just being involved in negative event/argument
source told to ignore target (ostracism), or argue
found being ostracised vs argument had significantly lower self-esteem
as target of ostracism didn’t have opportunity to actively engage in the conflict

Question 52

outline Snapp & Leary (2001) study into hurt feelings

Answer 52

ppt told study on how people choose who to spend time
told will introduce self to ppt with another ppt there, and other ppt will decide who they choose to spend their time with
low familiarity cdn: ppt and confed interact briefly before study (surface-level)
high familiarity cdn: ppt and confed interacts in more detail
ppt go into room, introduce self into a microphone, and either acceptance condition or rejection condition
rejected ppt had more hurt feelings
but felt more hurt in low familiarity cdn suggesting stronger relational devaluation

Question 53

name 5 categories of hurtful events that occur specifically in close relationships

Answer 53

1. active disassociation
2. passive disassociation
3. criticism
4. infidelity
5. deception

Question 54

how do people react to negative social event if are feeling lonely

Answer 54

react stronger, experience fewer benefits of positive interpersonal experiences
perceved as negative, anxious
and paradoxical= behaviour of loneliness cause distance, further lowering acceptance
less accurate at decoding facial expression, more attuned to signs of acceptance

Question 55

does identity of rejector matter? (Leary, 2010)

Answer 55

no, rejection produces neg emotion, reduced self esteem regardless of identity of rejector
lab study involve rejection by strangers and often don’t meet person

Question 56

outline study into rejection by despised groups (Gonsalkorale & Williams, 2007)

Answer 56

ppt indicate preference for 1 of 3 group
(labour, liberal, klu klux klan)
cyberball game, excluded or included
ostracism caused depletion need satisfaction regardless of groups membership
even exclusions by despised had negative effect

Question 57

outline sociometer theory of why rejection hurts

Answer 57

psychological system for monitoring environment for cues indicating relational value (acceptance and rejection)
activated if concerned on rejection, alert individual via negative affect and low self-esteem, increase belonging needs, access social info to navigate successfully in social world

Question 58

in sociometer theory for rejections hurting, why does concern become salient

Answer 58

detection of cues that relational value is low, dispositionally high in traits wanting acceptance, or chronically feel their social relationships are deficient
those socially excluded have selective memory for sociall relevant info
those with high dispositional needs have greater accuracy in identifying facial expression, vocal tone, and greater empathetic accuracies