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PSY1022 > PSY1022 WEEK 7 DISC 3 > Flashcards

PSY1022 WEEK 7 DISC 3 Flashcards

1
Q

POPULATION

A

Consists of all the people about whom the study is supposed to generalise.

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2
Q

SAMPLE

A

Subset of the population who actually participate in a study.

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3
Q

REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE

A

A sample that is like the population.
Can then generalise from sample to population.
- probability sampling
- non probability sampling

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4
Q

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

A

A sampling technique in which each member of the population has a known probability of being selected to be part of the sample

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5
Q

RANDOM SELECTION

A

A method of generating a random sample in which each member of the population is equally likely to be chosen as part of the sample.
- table of random numbers, names out of a hat, by computer, etc.
But may not be representative.

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6
Q

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

A

A sampling technique designed to ensure that subgroups or strata are fairly represented.
Broken into subgroups, THEN randomly selected for those groups. NOT proportional.
- eg proportion men vs women. Keep at same percentages as population.
- but still randomly selected

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7
Q

CLUSTER SAMPLING

A

A sampling technique in which clusters of participants that represent the population are used.

eg. for university students in general can just use one class.
- clusters need to represent population
- pre-existing groups

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8
Q

NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING

A

A sampling technique in which the individual members of the population do not have an equal or known likelihood of being selected to be a member of the sample.
- less expensive and easier to generate samples

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9
Q

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

A

A sampling technique in which participants are obtained wherever they can be found and typically wherever is convenient for the researcher.

  • also called haphazard sampling.
  • eg. asking first 100 people we see outside the library.
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10
Q

QUOTA SAMPLING

A

A sampling technique that involves ensuring
that the sample is like the population on certain characteristics but uses convenience sampling to obtain the participants.
- population is not randomly sampled.
- subset of convenience sampling

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11
Q

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

A

Based on measuring variables for individual participants to obtain scores, usually numerical values, that are submitted to statistical analysis for summary and interpretation.

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12
Q

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

A

Is based on making observations that are summarized and interpreted in a narrative report.

  • often used by social anthropologists, such as when they immerse themselves in a foreign culture.
  • used “in the field”
  • not about statistics or black and white answers
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13
Q

RESEARCH STRATEGY

A

Is a general approach to research determined by the kind of question that the research study hopes to answer.

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14
Q

OBSERVATIONAL METHOD

A

Making observations of human or animal behaviour. Allows descriptions of behaviour. Collects both qualitative and quantitative data.
Descriptive method.

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15
Q

NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION

A

Observing the behavior of humans or animals in their natural habitat.
The idea is that animals or people in their natural habitat, rather than an artificial laboratory setting, should display more realistic, natural behaviors.
Jane Goodall, Diane Fossey.
Can be expensive and time consuming.

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16
Q

LABORATORY OBSERVATION

A

Observing the behavior of humans or animals in a more contrived and controlled situation, usually the laboratory.

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17
Q

SURVEY METHOD

A

Questioning individuals on a topic or topics
and then describing their responses.
Can access large numbers of people.
But need to ensure random sample.
Does not support cause-and-effect explanations.
Descriptive method.

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18
Q

CASE STUDY METHOD

A

An in-depth study of one or more individuals.
Used by Piaget, Freud.
Does not allow reliable predictions, the few subjects may not represent the general population.
But often suggests hypotheses for future research.
Descriptive method.

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19
Q

DESCRIPTIVE METHODS

A

Describe, not explain.
- observation
- case studies
- surveys
- archival
Advantage: can change what you are studying
Disadvantage: researcher has little control

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20
Q

PREDICTIVE (RELATIONAL) METHODS

A

Allow researchers not only to describe behaviors but also to predict from one variable to another.
- correlational method
- quasi experimental method
Lack a control group. Do not manipulate variables, only measure them. Can measure correlation but can’t determine causation. Might always be alternative explanations.

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21
Q

CORRELATIONAL METHOD

A

A method that assesses the degree of relationship between two variables.
- for example, height and weight.
Allows descriptions of behaviour.
But just because there is a correlation doesn’t mean there is causation.
No directionality, plus third variable problem.

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22
Q

POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP

A

A relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in the other variable.

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23
Q

NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP

A

A relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in the other variable.
example: higher altitude, lower temp.

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24
Q

QUASI EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

A

Research that compares naturally occurring groups of individuals; the variable of interest cannot be manipulated
Supports reliable predictions from one variable to another. Does not support cause-and-effect explanations.

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25
Q

SUBJECT (PARTICIPANT) VARIABLE

A

A characteristic inherent in the subjects that cannot be changed.

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26
Q

ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION

A

The idea that it is possible that some other, uncontrolled, extraneous variable may be responsible for the observed relationship.

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27
Q

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

A

A research method that allows a
researcher to establish a cause- and-effect relationship through manipulation of a variable and control of the situation.
- when and why a behaviour occurs.
Summary:
Allows description of behavior(s)
Supports reliable predictions from one variable to another
Supports cause-and-effect explanations

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28
Q

RANDOM ASSIGNMENT

A

Assigning subjects to conditions in such a way that every participant has an equal probability of being placed in any condition.

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29
Q

CONTROL

A

Manipulating the independent variable in an

experiment and controlling any other extraneous variables that could affect the results of a study.

30
Q

UNDISGUISED OBSERVATION

A

Studies in which the participants are aware that the researcher is observing their behavior.

31
Q

NONPARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

A

Studies in which the researcher does not participate in the situation in which the research participants are involved.
Jane Goodall

32
Q

PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

A

Studies in which the researcher actively participates in the situation in which the research participants are involved.
Diane Fossey

33
Q

DISGUISED OBSERVATION

A

Studies in which the participants are unaware that the researcher is observing their behavior.

34
Q

EXPECTANCY EFFECTS

A

The influence of the researcher’s expectations on the outcome of the study.
For example, the researcher may pay more attention to behaviors that they expect or that support their hypotheses, while possibly ignoring behaviors that might not support their hypotheses.

35
Q

NARRATIVE RECORDS

A

Full narrative descriptions of a participant’s behavior. Everything the participant said or did during a specified period of time
Very subjective.
Piaget.

36
Q

CHECKLIST

A

A tally sheet on which the researcher records
attributes of the participants and whether particular behaviors were observed.
- static and action items.
Advantage: data already quantified
Disadvantage: behaviours and characteristics to be observed are already determined, and interesting things can be missed.

37
Q

STATIC ITEM

A

A type of item used on a checklist on which attributes that will not change are recorded.
- age, gender, number of participants, type of car driven, etc.

38
Q

ACTION ITEM

A

A type of item used on a checklist to note the
presence or absence of behaviors.
- types of things, etc.

39
Q

ARCHIVAL METHOD

A

A descriptive research method that involves describing data that existed before the time of the study.
- eg. census data
Some data is better than others. Might be representation bias. Plus second hand information - is it accurate?

40
Q

INTERVIEW

A 
A method that typically involves asking
questions in a face-to-face manner, and it may be conducted anywhere.
- standardised
- semi-standarised
- unstandarised
41
Q

FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEWS

A

A method that involves interview 6 to 10 individuals at the same time. The questions asked of the participants are open ended and addressed to the whole group.
- flexible, large amount of information in a short time, but can be dominated by one or two members.

42
Q

FIELD STUDIES

A

A method that involves observing everyday
activities as they happen in a natural setting.
Similar to naturalistic, participant observation.
Main difference: in field studies data is collected in narrative form and left in that form, as always qualitative.
- subjects know they are being observed.

43
Q

ACTION RESEARCH

A

A method in which research is conducted by a group of people to identify a
problem, attempt to resolve it, and then assess how successful their efforts were.
- “if you want something done right, do it yourself”
- participatory democratic style
- hospitals, schools, etc.
- not usually published in a journal
Three phases:
- looking
- thinking
- action

44
Q

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

A
  • case study
  • archival study
  • interview
  • focus group interview
  • field studies
  • action research
45
Q

OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS

A

Questions for which participants formulate their own responses

46
Q

CLOSED-ENDED QUESTIONS

A

Questions for which participants choose from a limited number of alternatives

47
Q

PARTIALLY OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS

A

Closed-ended questions with an open-ended “Other” option.

48
Q

RATING SCALE

A

A numerical scale on which survey

respondents indicate the direction and strength of their response.

49
Q

LIKERT RATING SCALE

A

A type of numerical rating scale developed by Renis Likert in 1932.

50
Q

LOADED QUESTION

A

A question that includes nonneutral or

emotionally laden terms

51
Q

LEADING QUESTION

A

A question that sways the respondent to answer in a desired manner.

52
Q

DOUBLE-BARRELED QUESTION

A

A question that asks more than one thing.

- “Do you find using a cell phone to be convenient and time saving?”

53
Q

RESPONSE BIAS

A

The tendency to consistently give the same

answer to almost all of the items on a survey.

54
Q

DEMOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS

A

Questions that ask for basic information, such as age, gender, ethnicity, or income.
- participants find them boring, so they are often put at the end.

55
Q

MAIL SURVEY

A

A written survey that is self-administered. Can be email.

  • no interviewer bias
  • but no one to help explain questions.
  • cheaper, but low return rate
  • sometimes better for sensitive information.
56
Q

INTERVIEWER BIAS

A

The tendency for the person asking

the questions to bias the participants’ answers.

57
Q

TELEPHONE SURVEY

A

A survey in which the questions are read to the participants over the telephone.

  • more time consuming and expensive than mail surveys.
  • but interviewer can answer questions.
  • though more likely to give a socially desirable result.
58
Q

SOCIALLY DESIRABLE RESULT

A

A response that is given because a respondent believes it is deemed appropriate by society.

59
Q

PERSONAL INTERVIEW

A

A survey in which the questions are asked face-to-face.

  • can include non-verbal responses
  • but can have socially desirable results and interviewer bias.
60
Q

MAGNITUDE

A

An indication of the strength between two variables.

-1.00 to +1.00

61
Q

SCATTERPLOT

A 
A figure that graphically represents the relationship between two variables
- positive relationship (dots go up)
   eg. smoking and cancer
- negative (inverse) relationship (dots go down)
   eg. elevation and temperature
- no relationship (random)
   eg. intelligence and weight
- curvilinear (U or upside down U)
   Memory and age
62
Q

DIRECTIONALITY

A

The inference made with respect to the

direction of a causal relationship between two variables.

63
Q

THIRD-VARIABLE PROBLEM

A

The problem of a correlation between two variables being dependent on another (third) variable.
eg. electrical appliances and contraception in Taiwan.

64
Q

PERSON-WHO ARGUEMENT

A

Arguing that a well-established statistical trend is invalid because we know a “person who” went against the trend.

65
Q

BIASED SAMPLE

A

Where a sample does not represent a population.

66
Q

MINIMUM SAMPLE SIZES

A
  • Comparing scores from two different groups: 21 per group (42 total)
  • Same group tested twice: 12
  • Correlating: 23
67
Q

SAMPLING THEORY

A

Refers to the techniques we use to draw representative samples from populations.

  • probability sampling
  • non probability sampling
68
Q

SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

A

Where everyone in the population is listed, and every n th individual on the list is selected.
A random number table is used to determine starting point, and n = population size divided by desired sample size.

69
Q

PROPORTIONATE STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

A

Is the same as stratified random sampling except thatthe sample size proportions for each subgroup
correspond to each subgroup’s proportion in the
population.

70
Q

PREDICTOR AND CRITERION VARIABLES

A

Use one variable (predictor) to predict another (criterion).

PSY1022 (12 decks)

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