PSY1022 WEEK 1 - SOCIAL 2

Question 1

FRANS DE WAAL

Answer 1

Primate researcher. Our behaviour is somewhere between the bonobo (more prosocial) and the chimpanzee (more antisocial).

Question 2

BYSTANDER NONINTERVENTION

Answer 2

Groups of people are actually less likely to help than individuals. The larger the group the more likely that no one will act. Darley and Lantane.
Pluralistic ignorance
Diffusion of responsibility

Question 3

PLURALISTIC IGNORANCE

Answer 3

Error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do.
- we falsely believe we are the only ones who think it is an emergency because no one else is responding

Question 4

DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY

Answer 4

Reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others.

• we need to feel a burden of responsibility for the consequences of NOT intervening.
• the more people at an emergency, the less each person feels responsible for the negative consequences of not helping.

Question 5

SOCIAL LOAFING

Answer 5

Phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups.

• as a result the whole is less than the sum of its parts.
• might be a variant to diffusion of responsibility
• individualistic countries more prone to social loafing.

Question 6

BRAINSTORMING

Answer 6

Actually better alone than in groups.

• social loafing
• anxious about appearing silly in front of the group

Question 7

ALTRUISM

Answer 7

Helping others for unselfish reasons.

Question 8

HELPING

Answer 8

We are more likely to help people depending on:

• if we can’t easily escape the situation
• characteristics of the person (eg. have a cane)
• if we are in a good mood
• extroverted more likely to help than introverted
• Less traditional and less concerned with social approval more likely to help

Question 9

ENLIGHTENMENT EFFECT

Answer 9

Learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better.

Question 10

AGGRESSION

Answer 10

Behaviour intended to harm others, either verbally or physically.

Question 11

SITUATIONAL INFLUENCES ON AGGRESSION

Answer 11

• Interpersonal provocation.
• Frustration.
• Media influences
• Aggressive cues (eg. gun in the room)
• Arousal
• Alcohol and other drugs
• Temperature (warmer)
• Interpersonal provocation

Question 12

INDIVIDUAL, GENDER, AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ON AGGRESSION

Answer 12

• Personality traits (high level of negative emotions and imsulsivity)
• Higher in males, especially between 12-28. Might be testosterone related.
• But girls do more relational aggression.
• Asian cultures less prone to physical aggression and violent crime.
• Southern USA -> “Culture of Honour” more prone to aggression.

Question 13

RELATIONAL AGGRESSION

Answer 13

Form of indirect aggression, prevalent in girls, involving spreading rumours, gossiping, and nonverbal putdowns for the purpose of social manipulation.

Question 14

PREJUDICE

Answer 14

Drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or a situation prior to evaluating the evidence.

Question 15

STEREOTYPE

Answer 15

A belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group.
Can lead to confirmation bias if we are unable to to modify or change them.
Can be illusory correlation - false association between a group and a characteristic (eg. mentally ill people are violent)

Question 16

ULTIMATE ATTRIBUTION ERROR

Answer 16

Assumption that behaviours among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions.
-> “all people of race X are unsuccessful because they are lazy”
-> or “unlike other members of race Y, she was smart”
Leads us to underestimate the impact of situational factors.
Takes mental work to suppress stereotypes.

Question 17

ADAPTIVE CONSERVATISM

Answer 17

Evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different.
- “better safe than sorry”

Question 18

IN-GROUP BIAS

Answer 18

Tendency to favour individuals within our group over those from outside our group.
- sports fans.

Question 19

OUT-GROUP HOMOGENEITY

Answer 19

Tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar.
- “all people of Race X look and act the same way”

Question 20

DISCRIMINATION

Answer 20

Negative behaviour toward members of out-groups.

• prejudice = negative attributes
• discrimination = negative behaviours

Question 21

MINIMAL INTERGROUP PARADIGM

Answer 21

Henry Tajfel.
Creating groups based on arbitrary differences.
- dots on a screen leading to random “dot over estimators” and “dot under estimators”

Question 22

JANE ELLIOTT

Answer 22

Teacher. Blue eyes and brown eyes.

Question 23

SCAPEGOAT HYPOTHESIS

Answer 23

Claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes.
- can also stem from competition over scare resources.

Question 24

JUST-WORLD HYPOTHESIS

Answer 24

Claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and things happen for a reason.
Melvin Learner.
- blaming the victim.

Question 25

CONFORMITY LEADING TO PREJUDICE

Answer 25

May stem from a need for social approval.

Question 26

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PREJUDICE

Answer 26

High authoritarian personality traits prone to prejudice. | High levels of extrinsic religiosity the same.

Question 27

EXPLICIT PREJUDICE

Answer 27

Unfounded negative belief of which we're aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group.

Question 27

EXPLICIT PREJUDICE

Answer 27

Unfounded negative belief of which we're aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group.

Question 28

IMPLICIT PREJUDICE

Answer 28

Unfounded negative belief of which we're unware regarding the characteristics of an out-group.

Question 29

IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TEST (IAT)

Answer 29

Measure of implicit prejudice.

Question 30

ROBBERS CAVE STUDY

Answer 30

Cooperation toward a shared goal reduces prejudice. No longer part of two separate groups, but one larger group. Muzafer Sherif. Increased contact between different groups is rarely sufficient to reduce prejudice.

Question 31

ATTITUDE

Answer 31

Belief that includes an emotional component. Reflect how we feel about about an issue or person.

Question 32

ATTITUDES PREDICTION BEHAVIOUR

Answer 32

- Attitudes generally don't accurately predict behaviour. - Highly accessible attitudes are more predictive (how do you feel about Random Thing vs how you do feel about Ice Cream). - More accurate for low self monitors.

Question 33

RECOGNITION SHAPING ATTITUDES

Answer 33

Recognition heuristic makes us more likely to believe something we have heard many times before.

Question 34

COGNITIVE DISSONANCE

Answer 34

Leon Festinger. Unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs. Conflict between attitude A and attitude B. Can deny one or the other, or move to attitude C.

Question 35

SELF-PERCEPTION THEORY

Answer 35

Theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviours.

Question 36

IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT THEORY

Answer 36

Theory that we don't really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviours appear consistent with our attitudes.

Question 37

ROUTES TO PERSUASION

Answer 37

Dual process models of persuasion. - Central route focuses on informational content. Attitudes tend to be strongly held and relatively enduring. - Peripheral route focuses on surface aspects. Attitudes tend to be weaker and more unstable.

Question 38

FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR

Answer 38

Persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one. Related to cognitive dissonance.

Question 39

DOOR-IN-THE-FACE

Answer 39

Persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted.

Question 40

LOW-BALL TECHNIQUE

Answer 40

Persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales prices, and then mentions all of the "add-on" costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product.

Question 41

BYSTANDER-CALCULUS MODEL

Answer 41

3 stages: - arousal - labeling - evaluation of outcomes We choose the action with the lowest costs. - empathy costs (not helping) vs personal costs (helping) If more people are present, empathy costs are lower. - Piliavan

Question 42

PERSUASION MESSENGER

Answer 42

- More likely to be persuaded by famous or attractive people. Halo effect. - Or by people with high credibility. - implicit egotism: more positively disposed to people, places, or things that resemble us.

Question 43

TYPES OF AGGRESSION

Answer 43

``` Instrumental aggression - eg. psychopaths. Low arousal except when aggressive. Leads to aggressive behaivour. - obtaining something. Hostile/Impulsive aggression - eg. on the sports field ```