PSY CHP.16 Flashcards
Psychologists and psychiatrists often blank on the
best route for treatment of mental disorders
disagree
Blank treatments
– Involve use of drugs, electroconvulsive therapy
(ECT), brain surgery or other methods that affect
body or brain chemistry
– Can be effective, because many disorders have a
biological basis
Biological
Biological Treatments - Concerns
* Are you treating the problem or just symptoms?
* Some effects overstated due to blank bias
* Is there a blank effect?
– Meta-analysis indicates for some drugs placebo blank effective
– This doesn’t mean drugs are ineffective, just that
they may not be actually doing what they claim to
be doing.
* Often used instead of costlier, but more effective
non-drug options
publication/placebo/equally
Biological Treatments - Concerns
* Increasing blank-label prescription
* Side effects may feel worse than the disorder symptoms
– Especially bad with Lithium and antipsychotics, leading to high blank and blank rates
– Long-term effects
* A
* D
* T d
off/relapse/dropout/Addiction/Diabetes/Tardive dyskinesia
Biological Treatments
Blank Moniz’ method
– Won 1949 Nobel Prize
Antonio
Blank lobotomy
* Destroys or separates parts of the frontal lobes
* Stops strong emotional reactions, leads to blank affect
* Also can interfere with other frontal lobe functions –
planning, socially appropriate behavior
* 18,000 conducted 1939-51
Frontal/flat
Biological Treatments
*Blank Therapy (ECT)
– Used in cases of severe major
depression
– Ineffective for other conditions
– Initiated by Ugo Cerletti in 1937
– Produces blank amnesia for the
procedure itself
– Widely used today (100,000+ / year)
– Criticized as a tool more of control
than treatment
Electroconvulsive/retrograde
Antipsychotic Drugs
* Block or reduce sensitivity of brain receptors that
respond to blank
* Some increase levels of serotonin, a
neurotransmitter that inhibits dopamine activity
* Can relieve blank symptoms of schizophrenia but
are ineffective for or even worsen blank
symptoms
* Side effects include weight gain, blank
* Increasingly prescribed off-label (e.g. blank)
dopamine/positive/negative/diabetes/Seroquel
Antidepressants
*Blank oxidase inhibitors (Nardil, Parnate)
– Elevate norepinephrine / serotonin in brain by
blocking an enzyme that deactivates them
*Blank antidepressants (Elavil, Tofranil)
– Boost norepinephrine and serotonin in brain by
preventing normal reuptake of these substances
* Selective blank reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
– Also inhibit re-uptake of serotonin to boost levels
– Examples – Blank, Zoloft, Paxil
Monoamine/Tricyclic/serotonin/Prozac
Anti-Anxiety (Tranquilizers)
* Developed for treatment of anxiety
– Increase levels of Blank-aminobutyric acid
(GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter
– Developed for shorter-term use, with high relapse
rates when people stop taking them
– Often overprescribed by general physicians for
patients who complain of any mood problems
* Overprescription or long-term use can lead to blank
– Examples – valium, blank
gamma/addiction/xanax
Blank Therapy
* Uses various techniques to explore the unconscious
as a route to identifying and solving problems
– Dream analysis
– Free Blank
* A method of uncovering unconscious conflicts
by saying freely whatever comes to mind
– Blank
* A critical step in which the client transfers
unconscious emotions or reactions onto
therapist (e.g. conflicts about parents)
Psychodynamic/Association/Transference
Blank Methods
* Apply principles and techniques of classical and
operant conditioning to help people change self
defeating or problematic behaviors
* Examples
–Blank desensitization
– Behavioral Blank-monitoring (e.g. via diaries)
– Blank conditioning – punishing undesirable
behaviors
Behavioral/Systematic/self/Aversive
Blank Therapy
* Aim is to have people identify and understand Blank thought patterns, then change them to improve their life
– Albert Ellis’s Blank-Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT):
therapist and client actively challenge existing beliefs
– Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy examines interconnection of thoughts, feelings and behaviors
*Blank-behavioral therapy is an blank approach, with
a goal of using behavioral methods to change cognitions
* Helps build self blank
* Self blank methods, such as self-talk, can help
restructure cognitive habits over time
Cognitive/maladaptive/Rational/Cognitive/integrative/efficacy/instructional
Blank Therapy
* Blank therapy emphasizes people’s free will to
change
* Blank- / Person-Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers)
– Emphasizes empathy with client, seeing the world
as client does, Blank Positive Regard
* Therapist may rephrase / repeats back what the
client is saying via blank listening, to guide
toward insight
* Often is blank, with the goal that the client
should solve the problems him/herself
Humanistic/Client/Unconditional/reflective/nondirective
Blank-System Perspective
– Therapy with individuals or families that focuses
on how each member forms part of a larger
interacting system
Family
Blank Therapies
* Advantages
– Can be led by a professional to show people that
they are not alone in their problems
– People can learn from the growth of others
–Blank expensive than one-on-one
– Most common type is that used in AA, NA, etc.
* Disadvantages
– Lack of confidentiality
– Requires a skilled facilitator to avoid social issues
such as blank
Group/Less/groupthink
Evaluating Therapies
* Success hinges on
– Getting the person into the most compatible type
of therapy for their disorder and personality
– Client and therapist working together in a
therapeutic blank
– Therapist being culturally competent for client
population
– Client being blank to change
* Improvement then has to be blank up to the
point where it levels off
alliance/motivated/monitored
Evaluating Therapies
* Blank-Practitioner Gap
– A substantial, serious disconnect between scientists
who research and those who practice
– Practitioners often disregard scientific evidence as
not relevant to their personalized approaches
* This leads to perpetuation of misdiagnoses and
useless or harmful treatment methods
– Scientists may undervalue the individual human
elements of therapy, overemphasize one-size-fits-
all approaches
Scientist
Blank treatment means the person chooses to attend therapy to obtain relief from symptoms.
Voluntary
Blank is a psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth.
Psychotherapy
Blank therapy involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders.
Biomedical
In blank association, the patient relaxes and then says whatever comes to mind at the moment.
free
Freud called this blank: the patient transfers all the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient’s other relationships to the psychoanalyst.
transference
Blank therapy is often used with children since they are not likely to sit on a couch and recall their dreams or engage in traditional talk therapy.
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