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psy chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

developmental psychology

A

a field of psychology that examines age related physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes across the life span

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2
Q

physical development

A

involves maturation wherein the body follows a universal, biologically driven progression in a generally predictable pattern

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3
Q

cognitive development

A

includes changes in memory, problem solving, decision making, language, and intelligence that tend to follow a universal course early in life and considerably vary with age

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4
Q

socioemotional development

A

refer to social behaviors, emotions, and changes experienced in relationships, feelings, and overall disposition

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5
Q

biopsychosocial perspective

A

recognizes contributions and interplay of biological, psychological, and social forces shaping human development

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6
Q

what are the three debates

A
  1. nature and nurture
  2. stages and continuity
  3. stability and change
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7
Q

cross sectional method

A

examines people of different ages at a single point in time. garner a lot of information quickly but does not address cohort effects

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8
Q

longitudinal method

A

examines one sample of people over a period of time to determine age related changes. challenges include attrition, practice effects, expense, and time

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9
Q

cross sequential method

A

examines groups of people of different ages, following them across time. costly and requires participants

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10
Q

chromosomes

A

inherited threadlike structures composed of DNA

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11
Q

DNA

A

molecule that provides the instructions for the development and production of cells

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12
Q

gene

A

specified segment of a DNA molecule

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13
Q

monozygotic twins

A

identical twins develop from one egg inseminated at conception, which then splits into two separate zygotes

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14
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fraternal twins develop from two eggs inseminated by two sperm and are as genetically similar as any sibling pair

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15
Q

dominant gene

A

one of a pair of genes that has power over the expression of an inherited characteristic

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16
Q

recessive gene

A

one of a pair of genes that is overpowered by a dominant gene

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17
Q

genotype

A

an individual’s complete collection of genes

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18
Q

phenotype

A

the observable expression or characteristic of one’s genetic inheritance

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19
Q

germinal period

A

(conception to end of the 2nd week)
implanting in uterine wall; rapid growth

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20
Q

embryonic period

A

(3rd to 8th week)
- cell differentiation; formation of major organs and systems begin
- heart begins to beat; spinal cord and intestinal system develop by end of period

21
Q

fetal period

A

(3rd month until birth)
- rapid weight gain; clear sleep wake cycles; all organs, systems, and structures fully developed at birth
- brain weight one quarter of adult size

22
Q

synaptic pruning

A
  • increase in neural connections is not uniform in brain
  • unused synaptic connections eliminated
23
Q

sensorimotor

A

object permanence

24
Q

preoperational

A

egocentrism; conservation errors

25
Q

concrete operational

A

logical thinking in reference to concrete objects and circumstances

26
Q

formal operational

A

more logical and systematic thinking

27
Q

temperament

A

characteristics differences in behavioral patterns and emotional reactions that are evident from birth

28
Q

high reactive infants

A

exhibits much distress with unfamiliar stimuli

29
Q

low reactive infants

A

do not respond to stimuli with great stimuli

30
Q

easy temperament

A

follow regular schedules; easily soothed; transition easily; 40%

31
Q

difficult temperament

A

erratic schedule; poor transitioning; irritable and unhappy; 10%

32
Q

slow to warm up temperament

A

not fond of change; 15 %

33
Q

harlows and their monkeys

A

infant monkey were put in cages alone, each with two artificial “surrogate” mothers.

34
Q

erik eriksons’s psychosocial stages of development

A

proposed that human development is marked by eight psychological stages from infancy to old age

35
Q

how is each stage marked?

A

by development task or emotional crisis to be resolved

36
Q

erikson’s stages

A

(birth to 1 year) trust vs. mistrust
(1 to 3 years) autonomy vs shame and doubt
(3 to 6 years) initiative vs guilt

37
Q

adolescence

A

the transition period between late childhood and early adulthood

38
Q

puberty

A

the period of development during which the body changes and becomes sexually mature and capable of reproduction

39
Q

formal operations (piaget)

A

-use of deductive reasoning and critical thinking begins
- characterized by abstract reasoning, classification, symbol use, thinking beyond moment, and considering many possibilities and hypothetical situations

40
Q

adolescent egocentrism

A
  • intense focus on self and feelings of immortality
  • can lead to increased risky behaviors
41
Q

physical development in EARLY ADULTHOOD

A
  • muscular and cardiovascular abilities are sharp
  • sensory systems may start to decline
  • noise induced damage
  • fertility related changes occur
42
Q

physical development in MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

A
  • genes influence height and bone mass
  • exercise slows shrinking process
  • wrinkles, sagging, and skin spots may appear
  • hair thins and turns grey
  • hearing loss continues and eyesight may decline
  • bones weaken
  • menopause and andropause
43
Q

physical developments in LATE ADULTHOOD

A
  • vision deteriorates (cataracts, impaired night vision)
  • hearing declines; reaction time increases; information processed more slowly; memory deteriorates
  • exercise fosters development of new neural networks
44
Q

cognitive development in EARLY ADULTHOOD

A
  • measure of aptitude remain stable from early to middle adulthood
  • processing speed begins to decline
45
Q

cognitive development in MIDDLE and LATE ADULTHOOD

A
  • cognitive function does not necessarily decrease
  • practical abilities seem to grow
  • after age 70 decline is more apparent, some skills become more refined
  • crystallized intelligence
  • fluid intelligence
46
Q

socioemotional development in YOUNG ADULTHOOD

A

positive resolution involves forming deep, meaningful relationships; failure results in experiencing isolation
(intimacy versus isolation)

47
Q

socioemotional development in MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

A

positive resolution includes feeling like we have made an impact on the next generation; failure manifests as boredom, conceit, or selfishness
(generativity versus stagnation)

48
Q

socioemotional development in LATE ADULTHOOD

A

positive resolution allows us to feel a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction; failure leads to us feeling regret and dissatisfaction
(integrity versus despair)

psy (9 decks)

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