psy chapter 1 Flashcards
Psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes
what is the goal of basic research?
gather knowledge
what does basic research do?
builds on existing knowledge
What is the goal of applied research?
change behavior and outcome
what does applied research often do?
often leads to real word applications
hindsight bias
in retrospect psychological finding may seem logical
why might we fall prey to hindsight bias?
we’re constantly seeking explanation for events
anecdotal evidence
learning from experiences is a critical ability that helps us survive and adapt but it cannot take place of scientific findings
science
A systematic approach to gathering knowledge through careful observation and experimentation
what does science require?
analyzing data and sharing results in a manner that permits others to duplicate and verify work
critical thinking
process of weighing pieces of evidence, synthesizing them and evaluating the contribution of each
critical thinking (example?)
being open minded and skeptical at the same time
Pseudopsychology
An approach to explaining and predicting behavior and events that appears to be psychology, but has no empirical or objective evidence to support it.
plato
(430-347BCE) believed that truth and knowledge exist in the soul before birth
Aristotle
(384-322 BCE) believed we know reality through our perceptions. we learn through our sensory
What did Aristotle do?
paved the way for the empirical method
Emprical method
a process that uses objective observation to measure and collect data
Ibn al-Haytham
mathematician who embraced empiricism
who was called the father of optics and why?
ibn al- haytham. for his theory of vision
Wilhem Wundt
founded first psychology lab at the university of leipzig in germany
Who is the father of psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt
Structuralism
an early school of psychology that used introspection to determine the structure and most basic elementals of the mind
who developed structuralism?
Edward Titchener
Functionalism
focused on the function of thoughts, feelings, and behavior and how they help us adapt to the environment
who help found functionalism ?
william james
Mary Whiton Calkins
established her own laboratory at wellesly college. she was denied her PhD from harvard.
who was the first female president of APA
Mary Whiton Calkins
Margart Floy Washburn
first female PhD in psychology
Mamie Phipps Clark
First Black female Ph.D.; denied faculty position because of gender
What did Mamie Phipps Clark do?
explored impact of prejudice and discrimination on child development
what was the freud problem?
many of his theories lack scientific support
Behavioral Perspective
behavior and personality are primarily determined by learning
Pavlov
research with dogs established classical conditioning
Watson
established behaviorism
what did watson do?
viewed psychology as the scientific study of behavior that could be seen and/or measured
skinner
focused on operant conditioning
What is operant conditioning?
type of learning that occurs when behavior are rewarded or punished
humanistic psychology
An approach suggesting that human nature is by and large positive, and the human direction is toward growth.
Cognitive Psychology
an approach examining the mental processes that direct behavior
what did george miller do?
researched memory, which provided catalyst for cognitive revolution
cognitive neuroscience
explore physiological explanations for mental processes and connections between behavior and human nervous system
evolutionary perspective
behaviors and mental processes are shaped by the forces of evolution
What is evolutionary perspective based on?
charles darwin’s work
Biological Perspective
uses knowledge about underlying physiology to explain behavior and mental processes
Neuroscience
study of the brain and nervous system
sociocultural perspective
an approach examining how social interactions and culture influence behavior and mental processes
who noted sociocultural perspective?
lev vygotsky and mamie phipps clark
biopsychosocial perspective
explains behavior through the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
