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psy chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

personality

A

a unique, core set of characteristics that influence the way one thinks, acts, and feels, and that are relatively consistent and enduring throughout the life span

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2
Q

temperament

A
  • distinct patterns of emotional reactions and behaviors observed early in life
  • remain somewhat stable across the life span but can be molded by environment
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3
Q

what are freud’s three levels of consciousness?

A

conscious, preconscious, unconscious

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4
Q

conscious

A

the state of being aware of oneself, one’s thoughts, and/or the environment

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5
Q

preconscious

A

mental activities outside your current awareness but that can be brought easily to your attention

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6
Q

unconscious

A

level of consciousness outside of awareness, which is difficult to access without effort or therapy

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7
Q

id

A

the most primitive structure of the mind, the activities of which occur at the unconscious level and are guided by the pleasure principle

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8
Q

ego

A

the structure of the mind that uses the reality principle to manipulate situations, plan for the future, solve problems, and make decisions go

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9
Q

superego

A

the structure of the mind that guides behavior to follow the rules of society, parents, or other authority figures

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10
Q

ego defense mechanisms

A

distort our perceptions and memories of the “real” world, without our awareness, to reduce the anxiety created by the conflicts among the id, ego, and superego

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11
Q

projection

A

occurs when the expression of a thought or urge is so anxiety provoking that the ego makes us see it in someone else or accuse another of harboring these same urges

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12
Q

repression

A

the way in which the ego moves uncomfortable thoughts, memories, or feelings from the conscious level to the unconscious

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13
Q

other ego defense mechanisms

A
  • sublimation
  • identification
  • displacement
  • repression
  • rationalization
  • projection
  • denial
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14
Q

what are freud’s psychosexual stages of development ?

A
  • oral
  • anal
  • phallic
  • latency period
  • genital
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15
Q

oral stage

A
  • begins at birth and lasts until 1 to 1.5 years old
  • the erogenous zone is the mouth
  • the conflict during this stage generally center on weaning
  • oral fixation: smoking, nail biting, excessive talking, and increased alcohol consumption
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16
Q

anal stage

A
  • 1 or 1.5 to 3 years old
  • the erogenous zone is the anus
  • the conflict during this stage centers in toilet training
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17
Q

phallic stage

A
  • ages 3- 6 years old
  • the erogenous zone is the genitals
  • conflict are successfully resolved through identification
  • fixation can lead to promiscuity, flirtation, vanity, over dependence, bravado, and an increased focus on masturbation
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18
Q

oedipus complex

A

the attraction a boy feels towards his mother, along with the resentment or envy directed toward his father

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19
Q

electra complex

A

the attraction a girl feels toward her father, along with jealousy and anger toward her mother

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20
Q

latency period

A
  • age 6 - puberty
  • no erogenous zone, conflict, or fixation
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21
Q

genital stage

A
  • begins at puberty
  • erogenous zone is once again the genitals, but now in association with relationships
  • often become attracted to partners who resemble the opposite sex parent
22
Q

alfred adler

A
  • humans are not just pleasure seekers but conscious and intentional in their behaviors
  • we are motivated by the need to feel superior; this drive originates in childhood
  • his theory of individual psychology focuses on each person’s unique struggle with feelings of inferiority
    (non freudians)
23
Q

carl gustav jung

A

analytic psychology

24
Q

collective unconscious

A

universal experiences of humankind passed from generation to generation, including memories and archetypes

25
Q

personal unconscious

A

similar to preconscious and unconscious

26
Q

karen horney

A
  • role of child - caregiver relationship emphasized
27
Q

abraham maslow

A

believed that psychologist should study human creativity, growth, and healthy functioning, not just mental illness and maladaptive personality traits

28
Q

self actualizers

A

people who are continually seeking to reach their fullest potential

29
Q

carl rogers

A
  • developed client centered therapy
  • importance of self concept
  • unconditional positive regard
30
Q

self efficacy

A

beliefs about our ability and effectiveness in reaching goals

31
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

multidirectional interactions among cognition. behaviors, and the environment

32
Q

traits

A

the relatively stable properties that describe elements of personality

33
Q

trait theories

A

theories that focus on personality dimensions and their influence on behavior; can be used to predict behaviors

34
Q

gordon allport

A

one of the first trait theorists who created a comprehensive list of traits to be used to operationalize terminology used in personality research

35
Q

raymond cattell

A
  • grouped list of personality traits into two major categories (surface traits and source traits)
  • with factor analysis, a list of 16 personality factors were produced and considered primary source traits
  • sixteen personality factor questionnaire
36
Q

hans eysenck

A
  • proposed three dimensions of personality
  • introversion - extraversion
  • neuroticism
  • psychoticism
  • worked to find biological basis for dimensions
37
Q

the big five/ five factor model

A

McCrae and Costa proposed five dimensions to describe personality (OCEAN)

38
Q

what does OCEAN stand for?

A

Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

39
Q

what are the two categories of personality tests?

A

subjective and objective

40
Q

subjective

A

based on intuition, clinical judgement, opinion, or interpretation

41
Q

objective

A

administered and evaluated using standardized procedures

42
Q

reliability

A

the degree to which assessment produces stable and consistent results

43
Q

validity

A

the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure

44
Q

rorschah inkblot test

A
  • most well known projective personality test
  • responses to inkblot systematically compared with answers given by others who have known personality characteristics and diagnoses
45
Q

thematic apperception test (TAT)

A
  • development by murray and colleagues
  • assumes that the test taker will project underlying conflicts onto the ambiguous stimuli of the picture, with the job of the test administrator being the unearth them
46
Q

objective personality tests

A

use a standard set of questions with answer choices (true/false, multiple choice, circle the number) and have clear scoring instructions that are identical for everyone taking the test

47
Q

what are examples of objective personality tests

A
  • Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI-2)
  • 16 personality factor questionnaire (16PF)
  • myers- briggs type indicator (MBTI)
48
Q

MMPI-2

A
  • most commonly used objective personality test developed to identify disorders and abnormal behaviors
  • often used to inform decisions about custody or other legal issues and a variety of non clinical settings
  • contains 10 clinical scales as well as validity scales
49
Q

MBTI

A

personality types related to four dimensions: extraversion versus introversion; sensing versus intuiting; thinking versus feeling; judgement versus perception

50
Q

16PF

A
  • based on cattell’s trait theory
  • 185 questions
  • creates a profile

psy (9 decks)

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