psy chapter 7

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the processes involved in the encoding, storage, and the retrieval of information

Question 2

encoding

Answer 2

process through which information enters our memory system

Question 3

storage

Answer 3

preserving information for possible recollection in the future

Question 4

retrieval

Answer 4

accessing information encoded and stored in memory

Question 5

information processing model

Answer 5

conceptualizes memory as a flow of information through a series of stage: sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory

Question 6

sensory memory

Answer 6

can hold vast amounts of sensory stimuli for a silver of time

Question 7

short term memory

Answer 7

can temporarily maintain and process limited information for longer periods

Question 8

long term memory

Answer 8

has essentially unlimited capacity and can hold onto information for indefinitely

Question 9

iconic memory

Answer 9

visual impressions that are photograph-like in their accuracy but dissolve in less than a second

Question 10

eidetic memory

Answer 10

ability to “see” an image or object sometimes long after it has been removed from sight with amazing specificity. occurs primarily in children

Question 11

echoic memory

Answer 11

exact copies of the sounds we hear

Question 12

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 12

technique of repeating information to be remembered, increasing the length of time it can be held in short term memory. does not work if you’re distracted

Question 13

chunking

Answer 13

grouping numbers, letters, or other items into meaning subsets as a strategy for increasing the quantity of information that can be maintained in short term memory

Question 14

working memory

Answer 14

the active processing of information in short term memory

Question 15

what are the four components of working memory ?

Answer 15

phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive, episodic buffer

Question 16

phonological loop

Answer 16

responsible for working with verbal information for brief periods of time

Question 17

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 17

where visual and spatial data are briefly stored and manipulated

Question 18

central executive

Answer 18

directs attention, makes plans, and coordinates activities. determines what information is used and what is ignored

Question 19

episodic buffer

Answer 19

forms the bridge between memory and conscious awareness

Question 20

explicit memory

Answer 20

type of memory you are aware of having and can consciously express in words or declare including memories of facts and experiences

Question 21

implicit memory

Answer 21

a memory of something you know or know how to do, but which might be automatic or unconscious. includes memories formed through classical conditioning

Question 22

semantic memory

Answer 22

the memory of information theoretically available to anyone, which pertains to general facts about the world

Question 23

episodic memory

Answer 23

the record of memorable experiences or “episodes” including when and where an experience occurred

Question 24

flashbulb memory

Answer 24

detailed account of circumstances surrounding an emotionally significant or shocking, sometimes historic, event. frequently recall the precise moment you learned of an event

Question 25

procedural memory

Answer 25

the unconscious memory of how to carry out a variety of skills and activities. it’s a type of implicit memory

Question 26

mnemonic

Answer 26

technique to improve memory

Question 27

retrieval cues

Answer 27

stimuli that aid in retrieval of information that is difficult to access

Question 28

priming

Answer 28

the stimulation of memories as a result of retrieval cues in the environment. made possible by implicit memory

Question 29

recall

Answer 29

retrieving information held in long term memory without explicit retrieval cues. more difficult than recognition

Question 30

what’s an example of recall?

Answer 30

short answer test question

Question 31

recognition

Answer 31

matching incoming data to information stored in long term memory. have to identify information rather than come up with it

Question 32

what’s an example of recognition?

Answer 32

multiple choice test question

Question 33

serial position effect

Answer 33

the ability to recall items in a list depends on where they are in the series

Question 34

encoding specificity principle

Answer 34

memories are more easily recalled when the context and cues at the time of encoding are similar to those at the time of retrieval

Question 35

state dependent memory

Answer 35

remembering things is easier when physiological and psychological conditions, including moods and emotions, are similar at the time of encoding and retrieval

Question 36

mood congruence

Answer 36

retrieval is easier when the content of a memory corresponds to our present emotional state

Question 37

relearning

Answer 37

material learned previously is acquired more quickly in subsequent exposures

Question 38

proactive interference

Answer 38

the tendency for information learned in the past to interfere with the retrieval of new material

Question 39

retroactive interference

Answer 39

the tendency for recently learned information to interfere with the retrieval of things learned in the past

Question 40

amnesia

Answer 40

can result from either a physical or psychological condition

Question 41

what are the two types of amnesia

Answer 41

anterograde and retrograde

Question 42

retrograde amnesia

Answer 42

the inability to retrieve memories for events that occurred before an amnesia- causing injury
(retro means before)

Question 43

anterograde amnesia

Answer 43

inability to form memories for events that occur after an injury
(antero means after)

Question 44

long term potentiation

Answer 44

the increased efficiency of neural communication over time, resulting in learning and the formation of memories

Question 45

what is the role of the hippocampus?

Answer 45

• essential for creating new explicit memories but not necessarily implicit memories.
• memory formation may be occurring simultaneously in both the hippocampus and the cortex
• responsible for accessing young memories, but then passes on that responsibility to other brain regions as memories grow older

Question 46

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

Answer 46

a neurodegenerative disease that leads to atypical deposits of tau protein throughout various regions in the brain as a result of repeated mild traumatic brain injury

Question 47

what are symptoms of CTE

Answer 47

significant memory issues, impulsivity, aggression, insomnia, and depression