psy chapter 6

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

a relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking results from experiences

Question 2

habituation

Answer 2

basic form of learning evident when an organism does not respond as strongly or as often to an event following multiple exposures to it

Question 3

stimulus

Answer 3

event or occurrence that generally leads to a response

Question 4

classical conditioning

Answer 4

learning process in which two stimuli become associated with each other when an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to elicit an involuntary response

Question 5

operant conditioning

Answer 5

connections between behaviors and consequences are made

Question 6

observational learning

Answer 6

learning occurs by watching and imitating others

Question 7

neutral stimulus

Answer 7

stimulus that does not cause a relevant automatic or reflexive response

Question 8

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

stimulus that automatically triggers an involuntary response without any learning needed

Question 9

unconditioned response

Answer 9

reflexive, involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 10

conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

previously neutral stimulus that an organism learns to associate with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

conditioned response

Answer 11

learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 12

acquisition

Answer 12

the initial learning phase in both classical and operant conditioning

Question 13

stimulus generalization

Answer 13

after an association is forged between the CS and the CR, the learner often responds to similar stimuli as if they are the original CR

Question 14

stimulus discrimination

Answer 14

the ability to differentiate between a particular CS and the other significantly different stimuli is stimulus differentiation

Question 15

extinction

Answer 15

the process by which the conditioned response decreases after repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

spontaneous recovery

Answer 16

the reappearance of a conditioned response following its extinction

Question 17

higher order conditioning

Answer 17

with repeated pairings of a conditioned stimulus and a second neutral stimulus, that second neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus as well

Question 18

conditioned taste aversion

Answer 18

a form of classical conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to associate the taste of a particular food or drink with illness

Question 19

little albert

Answer 19

was a baby who developed a fear of rats through his participation in ethically questionable experiments

Question 20

who conducted little albert experiments

Answer 20

john b watson

Question 21

reinforcers

Answer 21

events, stimuli, and other consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring

Question 22

reinforcement

Answer 22

process of increasing the frequency of behaviors with consequences

Question 23

positive reinforcement

Answer 23

the process by which reinforcers are added or presented following a target behavior, increasing the likelihood of it occurring again

Question 24

negative reinforcement

Answer 24

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a target behavior that increases the likelihood of it occurring again

Question 25

primary reinforcers

Answer 25

satisfies a biological need

Question 26

what’s an example of a primary reinforcer

Answer 26

food, water, physical contact

Question 27

secondary reinforcers

Answer 27

does not satisfy a biological need but often gains power through its association with a primary reinforce

Question 28

what’s an example of a secondary reinforcer

Answer 28

money, good grades

Question 29

successive approximations

Answer 29

method that uses reinforcers to condition a series of small steps that gradually approach the target behavior

Question 30

shaping

Answer 30

process by which a person observes the behaviors of another organism, providing reinforcers if the organism performs at a required level

Question 31

continuous reinforcement

Answer 31

every target behavior is reinforced

Question 32

partial reinforcement

Answer 32

target behaviors are reinforced intermittently, not continuously

Question 33

partial reinforcement effect

Answer 33

the tendency for behaviors acquired through intermittent reinforcement to be resistant to extinction than those acquired through continuous reinforcement

Question 34

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 34

subject must exhibit a preset number of desired responses or behaviors before a reinforcer is given

Question 35

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 35

produces a high response rate, but with a characteristic dip immediately following the reinforcement

Question 36

variable ratio schedule

Answer 36

subject must exhibit a specific number of desired responses or behaviors before a reinforcer is given, but the number changes across trials

Question 37

fixed interval schedule

Answer 37

reinforcer is given for the first target behavior occurring after a specific time interval

Question 38

variable interval schedule

Answer 38

reinforcer comes after an interval of time goes by, but the length of the interval changes from trial to trial

Question 39

positive punishment

Answer 39

something aversive or disagreeable is applied following a target behavior

Question 40

negative punishment

Answer 40

taking away something valuable following a target behavior

Question 41

prosocial behaviors

Answer 41

actions that are kind, generous, and beneficail to others

Question 42

cognitive maps

Answer 42

mental representation of physical space