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Psychology > Psy Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Psy Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Transduction

A

Converting outside stimuli (light) into neural activity

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2
Q

Sensation

A

When special receptors in the sense organs are activated; allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signs in the brain

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3
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Specialized form of neurons; stimulated by different kinds of energy (e.g) light for eye, vibration for ear etc

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4
Q

Just noticeable difference (jnd or the difference threshold)

A

Smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50% of the time

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5
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50% of the time the stimulation is present
(One drop of perfume diffuses through there rooms, tick of watch 20ft away in quiet room)

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6
Q

Signal detection theory

A
  • Provides method for assessing accuracy of judgements/decisions under certain conditions;
  • used in perception research and other areas
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7
Q

Habituation

A

Tendency of brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information (heater)

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8
Q

Sensory adaption

A

Tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging (food taste, smell)

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9
Q

Photons

A

“Wave packets” (light)

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10
Q

Brightness

A

How high/low wave is (the higher the wave, the brighter the light)

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11
Q

Color (hue)

A
  • Determined by length of waves
  • short waves: blue end of visible spectrum
  • longer waves: red end
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12
Q

Saturation

A
  • purity of color

Mixtures of wavelengths

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13
Q

How light enters eye

A
  • light enters (sun)
  • travels through structures of eye and ends on retina as single point
  • light bends as it passes through substances of different densities (process known as refraction)
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14
Q

Cornea

A
  • Clear membrane that covers surface of eye
  • protects eye
  • fixed curvature (camera without option to adjust focus)
  • bends light waves so the image can be focused on retina
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15
Q

Aqueous humor

A
  • Fluid that continually replenishes and supplies nourishment to eye
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16
Q

Pupil

A
  • Iris opening that changes size depending on amount of light in environment
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17
Q

Iris

A
  • Round muscle that controls size of pupil
  • colored part of eye
  • can change size of pupil, letting more or less light into eye
  • this can help focus image (like squinting)
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18
Q

Lens

A
  • behind iris

- changes shape to bring objects into focus

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19
Q

Visual accommodation

A

Change of thickness of lens as eye focuses on objects that are far away or close

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20
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Clear jelly-like fluid, nourishes/shapes eye

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21
Q

Retina

A
  • contains photoreceptor cells
  • light sensitive area of eye containing 3 layers: ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods and cones, special receptor cells (photoreceptors)
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22
Q

Rods

A

Visual sensory receptors found at back of retina, responsible for non-color sensitivity to low levels of light

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23
Q

Cones

A

Visual sensory receptors found at back of retina, responsible for color vision/sharpness of vision

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24
Q

Blind spot

A
  • where optic nerve leaves eye

- no photoreceptor cells

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25
Q

Dark adaption

A

The recovery of the eye’a sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights

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26
Q

Light adaption

A

The recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness

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27
Q

Trichromatic theory (three colors)

A

Red cones, blue cones, green cones

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28
Q

Original 3 corresponding colors

A
  • short wavelength cones: blue violet (420nm)
  • medium wavelength cones: green (530nm)
  • long wavelength cones: green yellow (560nm)
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29
Q

Afterimages

A

Images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after original stimulus is removed

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30
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Visual neurons are stimulated by light of one color and inhibited by light of another color

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31
Q

Color blindness

A

Caused by defective cones in retina

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32
Q

Hertz (Hz)

A

Cycles or waves per second, a measurement of frequency

Humans limits: 20-20000

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33
Q

Pinna

A

Visible part of ear

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34
Q

Auditory canal

A

Short tunnel that runs from the pinna to the eardrum

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35
Q

Cochlea

A

Snail-shaped structure of inner ear that is filled with fluid

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36
Q

Auditory nerve

A

Bundle of axons from the hair cells in the inner ear

37
Q

Pitch

A

Psychological experience of sound that corresponds to the frequency of the sound waves; higher frequencies are perceived as higher pitches

38
Q

Place theory

A

Different pitches are experienced by the stimulation of hair cells in different locations on the organ of corti

39
Q

Frequency theory

A

Pitch is related to speed of Vibrations the basilar membrane

40
Q

Volley principle

A

Frequencies from about 400 hz to 4000 hz cause the hair cells to fire in volley pattern, or take turns in firing

41
Q

Conduction hearing impairment

A

Problems with mechanics of outer or middle ear; sound vibrations cannot be passed from eardrum to cochlea

42
Q

Nerve hearing impairment

A

Problem either in inner ear or or auditory pathways in cortical areas of brain; aging or loud noises can be cause

43
Q

Gustation

A

Sensation of a taste

44
Q

Taste buds

A

Taste receptor cells, special kinds of neurons found in mouth, responsible for gustation

45
Q

Taste buds and papillae

A

Taste buds are located inside papillae of tongue, composed of small cells that send signals to brain when stimulated by molecules of food

46
Q

The five basic tastes

A

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, “brothy”/umami (from glutamate)

47
Q

Olfaction

A

Sensation of smell

48
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

Found in front part of insula/Frontal Opercultum; involved in conscious perception of taste

49
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A

Two bulb-like projections of brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below Frontal lobes that receive information from olfactory receptor cells

50
Q

Somesthetic senses

A

The body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic and proprioceptive senses and the vestibular senses

51
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Just beneath skin, respond to changes in pressure

52
Q

Gate-control theory

A

Pain signals must pass through “gate” located in spinal cord

53
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Awareness of body movement

54
Q

Proprioception

A

Awareness of where body and body parts are located in relation to each other in space and to the ground

55
Q

Vestibular sense

A

The awareness of the balance, position and movement of the head and body through space in relation to gravity’s pull

56
Q

Sensory conflict theory

A

Explanation of motion sickness min which information from eyes conflicts with information of vestibular senses, resulting in dizziness, nausea, and other physical discomfort

57
Q

Perception

A

Method by which experienced sensations are interpreted and organized in meaningful fashion

58
Q

Size consistency

A

Tendency to interpret an object as always being same actual size, regardless of distance

59
Q

Shape consistency

A

Tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when it’s shape changes on retina

60
Q

Brightness consistency

A

The tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same, even when the Light conditions change

61
Q

Figure-ground relationships

A

Tendency to perceive objects or figures as existing on a background

62
Q

Proximity

A

A gestalt principle if perception; the tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping; physical or geographical nearness

63
Q

Similarity

A

Gestalt principle of perception; tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group

64
Q

Closure

A

Gestalt principle; tendency to complete figures that are incomplete

65
Q

Continuity

A

Gestalt principle; tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern

66
Q

Contiguity

A

Gestalt principle, tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related

67
Q

Depth perception

A

Ability to perceive works in three dimensions

68
Q

Monocular cues

A

Cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only

69
Q

Fovea

A

Central area of retina, greatest density of photoreceptors

70
Q

Optic nerve

A

Sends visual information to the brain

71
Q

Subliminal stimuli

A

Stimuli just below level of conscious awareness

72
Q

Olfaction (olfactory sense)

A

Sensation of smell

73
Q

Somesthetic senses

A

body senses consisting of skin senses, kinesthetic and proprioceptive senses and vestibular senses

74
Q

Binocular cues

A

Cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes

75
Q

Linear perspective

A

Monocular depth perception cue; tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other

76
Q

Relative size

A

Monocular depth perception clue; perception that occurs in her objects that a person expects to be a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much further away

77
Q

Overlap (interposition)

A

Monocular depth perception cue; The assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer

78
Q

Aerial (atmospheric) perspective

A

Monocular depth perception cue; the haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from viewer, causing distance to be perceived as greater

79
Q

Monocular cues

A

Often referred to as pictorial depth cues, can be used to to give illusion of depth to paintings and drawings

80
Q

Texture gradient

A

Tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and diner as distance from viewer increases

81
Q

Motion parallax

A

Perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away

82
Q

Accommodation

A

Brain’s use of information about the changing thickness of lens of eye in response to looking at objects that are close or far away

83
Q

Convergence

A

Binocular depth perception cue; the rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object

84
Q

Binocular disparity

A

Difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects

85
Q

Müller-Lyer Illusion

A

2 lines that appear to be different lengths

86
Q

Perceptual sag

A

Tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions

87
Q

Top-down Processing

A

Use of preexisting knowledge to Organize individual features into an unfinished whole

88
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

Analysis of smaller features to build up to a complete perception

Psychology (7 decks)

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