Chapter 4 Flashcards
Consciousness
A person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him at any given time
Waking consciousness
State in which thoughts, feelings and sensations are clear and organized and the person feels alert
Altered state of consciousness
State in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness
Circadian rhythm
A cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over 24h period
Sleep deprivation
Any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability
Rem sleep
Dreaming, rapid eye movement
Non-REM
Any of sleep stages not including rem
Beta waves
Smaller and faster brain waves, typically indicating mental activity
Alpha waves
Brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep
Theta waves
Brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep
Delta waves
Long, slow brain waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep
Rem behavior disorder
A rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks movement of voluntary muscles fails, allowing person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares
Rem rebound
Increased amounts of rem sleep after being deprived of rem sleep on earlier nights
Night terrors
Rare disorder in which person experiences fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully
Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
During deep sleep, moving around or walking
Insomnia
Inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, get good quality of sleep
Sleep apnea
Disorder in which person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more
Narcolepsy
Disorder in which person falls immediately into rem sleep during the day without warning
Hypothalamus
Contains suprachiasmastic nucleus that’s sensitive to light and influences pineal gland’s secretion of melatonin
Freud’s interpretation of why we dream
Wish fulfillment- conflicts, events, desires represented in symbolic form of dreams
Activation synthesis hypothesis
Dreams are product of random signals (activation), with brain forming explanation or signals based on memories and other information (synthesis)
Activating-information-Mode model suggests that information access during waking hours can influence the synthesis of dreams
Dissociation
Divided state of conscious Awareness
Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis
Theory that assumes people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but merely playing the role expected from them in the situation
Hypnosis
State of consciousness during which person is more susceptible to suggestion
Meditation
Mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness
Psychoactive drugs
Chemical substances that alter thinking, perception and memory
Physical dependence
When body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug
Drug tolerance
The decrease of response to a drug over repeated uses, leading to the need for higher doses of drug to achieve same effect
Withdrawal
Physical symptoms (nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, high blood pressure) resulting from lack of addictive drug in body
Psychological dependence
Feeling that drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being
Stimulants
Drugs that increase functioning of nervous system
Depressants
Drugs that decrease the functioning of nervous system
Hallucinogenics
Produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication
Amphetamines
Stimulants that are synthesized (made) in laboratories rather than found in nature
Cocaine
- Natural, derived from leaves of coca plant
- stimulant
- euphoria, energy, power
- not same withdrawal symptoms as alcohol, but mood swings, tired, nervous, no pleasure
- craving developed by brain because of chemical changes
Nicotine
- stimulant
- highly addictive and deadly
- Sense of arousal, raises blood pressure
- bad physical withdrawal
Caffeine
- Stimulant
- natural
- 400mg ok
Barbiturates
- depressants
- sedative
Benzodiazepines
- mild depressant
- lower anxiety, reduce stress
- Xanax etc
Alcohol
- depressant
- chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable
- stimulates release of GABA; inhibits brain functioning
Opiates
- depressant
- suppress sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating nervous system’s natural receptor sure for endorphins (neurotransmitters that deaden pain sensations)
- slow down action if nervous systems
Opium
- obtained from opium poppy, all opiates are derived from it
- mimics endorphins (NS’s natural pain killers)
Morphine
- derived from opium, treats severe pain
Heroin
- narcotic drug derived from opium, highly addictive
LSD (lysergic axis diethylamide)
- synthetic hallucinogen
- not always pleasant
- decreases ability to perceive reality
- HPPD (flashbacks and spontaneous hallucinations can occur)
PCP
- In vet medicine
- can have many different effects
- violence, suicide
MDMA
- Amphetamine, but can produce hallucinations
- stimulatory hallucinogenics
- ecstasy, molly
- large amounts of serotonin and blocks reuptake
- euphoria, energy
Stimulatory hallucinogenics
Produce mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects
Marihuana
- mild hallucinogen derived from hemp plant
- tetrahydrocannabinol (thc)
- feeling of well-being
- no physical dependency
How much sleep do you need?
7-9h
N1: Light sleep
- hypnagogic images
- theta waves increase, aloha waves fade
- not believing they were asleep
- Hypnic jerk
N2: sleep spindles
- Brief bursts of activity lasting only a second or two
- Theta waves dominate
- growth hormones released
Sleep apnea
Disorder in which the person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more
Narcolepsy
Sleep disorder in which person falls immediately into rem sleep during day without warning
Activation-information-mode Model
Revised version of the activation synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence in the synthesis of dreams
Activation-synthesis-theory
- another kind of thinking, comes from people’s memories/experiences of past
- Dreams are created by higher centers of cortex to explain activation by brain stem during rem sleep
- random signals from brain stem must somehow be interpreted
Content of dreams
- Reflect events in everyday life
- Gender differences
- men: other males, sexual dreams, cars, tools, outdoor/unfamiliar, more physical aggression
- women: both genders, family and home problems, appearance concerns, victims of aggression
Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis
People who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected from them in situation
Dissociation
Divided state of conscious awareness
