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Psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

A person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him at any given time

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2
Q

Waking consciousness

A

State in which thoughts, feelings and sensations are clear and organized and the person feels alert

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3
Q

Altered state of consciousness

A

State in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness

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4
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

A cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over 24h period

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5
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

Any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability

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6
Q

Rem sleep

A

Dreaming, rapid eye movement

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7
Q

Non-REM

A

Any of sleep stages not including rem

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8
Q

Beta waves

A

Smaller and faster brain waves, typically indicating mental activity

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9
Q

Alpha waves

A

Brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep

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10
Q

Theta waves

A

Brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep

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11
Q

Delta waves

A

Long, slow brain waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep

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12
Q

Rem behavior disorder

A

A rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks movement of voluntary muscles fails, allowing person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares

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13
Q

Rem rebound

A

Increased amounts of rem sleep after being deprived of rem sleep on earlier nights

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14
Q

Night terrors

A

Rare disorder in which person experiences fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully

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15
Q

Sleepwalking (somnambulism)

A

During deep sleep, moving around or walking

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16
Q

Insomnia

A

Inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, get good quality of sleep

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17
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Disorder in which person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more

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18
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Disorder in which person falls immediately into rem sleep during the day without warning

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Contains suprachiasmastic nucleus that’s sensitive to light and influences pineal gland’s secretion of melatonin

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20
Q

Freud’s interpretation of why we dream

A

Wish fulfillment- conflicts, events, desires represented in symbolic form of dreams

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21
Q

Activation synthesis hypothesis

A

Dreams are product of random signals (activation), with brain forming explanation or signals based on memories and other information (synthesis)

Activating-information-Mode model suggests that information access during waking hours can influence the synthesis of dreams

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22
Q

Dissociation

A

Divided state of conscious Awareness

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23
Q

Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis

A

Theory that assumes people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but merely playing the role expected from them in the situation

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24
Q

Hypnosis

A

State of consciousness during which person is more susceptible to suggestion

25
Q

Meditation

A

Mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness

26
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Chemical substances that alter thinking, perception and memory

27
Q

Physical dependence

A

When body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug

28
Q

Drug tolerance

A

The decrease of response to a drug over repeated uses, leading to the need for higher doses of drug to achieve same effect

29
Q

Withdrawal

A

Physical symptoms (nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, high blood pressure) resulting from lack of addictive drug in body

30
Q

Psychological dependence

A

Feeling that drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being

31
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs that increase functioning of nervous system

32
Q

Depressants

A

Drugs that decrease the functioning of nervous system

33
Q

Hallucinogenics

A

Produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication

34
Q

Amphetamines

A

Stimulants that are synthesized (made) in laboratories rather than found in nature

35
Q

Cocaine

A
  • Natural, derived from leaves of coca plant
  • stimulant
  • euphoria, energy, power
  • not same withdrawal symptoms as alcohol, but mood swings, tired, nervous, no pleasure
  • craving developed by brain because of chemical changes
36
Q

Nicotine

A
  • stimulant
  • highly addictive and deadly
  • Sense of arousal, raises blood pressure
  • bad physical withdrawal
37
Q

Caffeine

A
  • Stimulant
  • natural
  • 400mg ok
38
Q

Barbiturates

A
  • depressants

- sedative

39
Q

Benzodiazepines

A
  • mild depressant
  • lower anxiety, reduce stress
  • Xanax etc
40
Q

Alcohol

A
  • depressant
  • chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable
  • stimulates release of GABA; inhibits brain functioning
41
Q

Opiates

A
  • depressant
  • suppress sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating nervous system’s natural receptor sure for endorphins (neurotransmitters that deaden pain sensations)
  • slow down action if nervous systems
42
Q

Opium

A
  • obtained from opium poppy, all opiates are derived from it

- mimics endorphins (NS’s natural pain killers)

43
Q

Morphine

A
  • derived from opium, treats severe pain
44
Q

Heroin

A
  • narcotic drug derived from opium, highly addictive
45
Q

LSD (lysergic axis diethylamide)

A
  • synthetic hallucinogen
  • not always pleasant
  • decreases ability to perceive reality
  • HPPD (flashbacks and spontaneous hallucinations can occur)
46
Q

PCP

A
  • In vet medicine
  • can have many different effects
  • violence, suicide
47
Q

MDMA

A
  • Amphetamine, but can produce hallucinations
  • stimulatory hallucinogenics
  • ecstasy, molly
  • large amounts of serotonin and blocks reuptake
  • euphoria, energy
48
Q

Stimulatory hallucinogenics

A

Produce mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects

49
Q

Marihuana

A
  • mild hallucinogen derived from hemp plant
  • tetrahydrocannabinol (thc)
  • feeling of well-being
  • no physical dependency
50
Q

How much sleep do you need?

A

7-9h

51
Q

N1: Light sleep

A
  • hypnagogic images
  • theta waves increase, aloha waves fade
  • not believing they were asleep
  • Hypnic jerk
52
Q

N2: sleep spindles

A
  • Brief bursts of activity lasting only a second or two
  • Theta waves dominate
  • growth hormones released
53
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Disorder in which the person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more

54
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sleep disorder in which person falls immediately into rem sleep during day without warning

55
Q

Activation-information-mode Model

A

Revised version of the activation synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence in the synthesis of dreams

56
Q

Activation-synthesis-theory

A
  • another kind of thinking, comes from people’s memories/experiences of past
  • Dreams are created by higher centers of cortex to explain activation by brain stem during rem sleep
  • random signals from brain stem must somehow be interpreted
57
Q

Content of dreams

A
  • Reflect events in everyday life
  • Gender differences
  • men: other males, sexual dreams, cars, tools, outdoor/unfamiliar, more physical aggression
  • women: both genders, family and home problems, appearance concerns, victims of aggression
58
Q

Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis

A

People who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected from them in situation

59
Q

Dissociation

A

Divided state of conscious awareness

Psychology (7 decks)

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