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Psychology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

An active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, and organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage

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2
Q

Encoding

A

The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems

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3
Q

Storage

A

Holding on to information for some period of time

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

Getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used

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5
Q

Information-processing Model

A
  • process similar to the way a computer processes memory

Encoding, storage, retrieval

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6
Q

Parallel distributed processing model (PDP)

A

memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections

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7
Q

Levels-of-Processing Model

A
  • information that is more “deeply processed”, or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the words, will be remembered more efficiently and for longer
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8
Q

Sensory memory

A

The very first system in memory, in which raw information from the senses is held for a very brief period of time

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9
Q

Iconic memory

A

Visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second

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10
Q

Eidetic imagery

A

The ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more

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11
Q

Echoic memory

A

Auditory sensory memory, lasting only 2-4 seconds

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12
Q

Short-term memory (STM)

A

The memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used

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13
Q

Selective attention

A

The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

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14
Q

Working memory

A

An active system that processes the information in short-term memory

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15
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory

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16
Q

Long-term memory

A

The system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept

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17
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

A way of increasing the number of retrieval cues for information by connecting with something that is already well known

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18
Q

Nondeclarative (implicit) memory

A
  • type of long-term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses
  • not conscious, but implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior
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19
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories

20
Q

Declarative (explicit) memory

A

Type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known

21
Q

Semantic memory

A

general knowledge (language and information learned in formal education)

22
Q

Episodic memory

A
  • containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events
23
Q

Semantic network model

A
  • information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other
24
Q

Encoding specifity

A

The tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surroundings of physiological state) that is available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved

25
Q

Recall

A

information to be retrieved must be “pulled” from memory with very few external cues

26
Q

Recognition

A

The ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact

27
Q

Serial position effect

A

Tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information

28
Q

Primary effect

A

Tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows

29
Q

Recency effect

A

Tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better

30
Q

Automatic encoding

A

Tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding

31
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it

32
Q

Constructive processing

A

Referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information

33
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event

34
Q

Misinformation effect

A

The tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself

35
Q

Curve of forgetting

A

A graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very far within first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually

36
Q

Distributed practice

A

Spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods

37
Q

Encoding failure

A

Failure to process information into memory

38
Q

Memory trace

A

Physical change in brain that occurs when a memory is formed

39
Q

Decay

A

Loss of memory due to passage of time, during which memory trace is not used

40
Q

Disuse

A

Another name for decay, assuming that memories that are not used will eventually decay and disappear

41
Q

Proactive interference

A

Memory problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the learning or retrieval of newer information

42
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Memory problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information

43
Q

Consolidation

A

The changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed

44
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backward, or loss of memory for the past

45
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Difficulty remembering anything new

Psychology (7 decks)

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