Chapter 5: Learning Flashcards
Learning
Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice
Classical conditioning
- a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired
- food and bell for dog
Unconditioned stimulus
Original stimulus, unlearned (food for dogs)
Unconditioned response
Automatic and involuntary response to unconditioned stimulus (salivation to food)
Conditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus can become able to produce conditioned response after pairing it with unconditioned stimulus (bell with dog food)
Neutral stimulus
Has no effect on desired response prior to conditioning (bell not paired with anything)
Conditioned response
Learned response to conditioned stimulus (salivation to bell)
Basics for classical conditioning
- Conditioned stimulus (cs) before UCS (Metronome before food)
- CS and UCS close together in time (-5 sec)
- Must be paired several times before conditioning takes place
- CS: should be distinctive
Stimulus generalization
- Tendency to respond to stimulus similar to the original cs with the conditioned response (the more similar, the stronger)
(- sound similar to a bell)
Stimulus discrimination
- stop making generalized response to stimulus similar to original cs, because similar one is never paired with us
- (other similar sound won’t cause salivation anymore after realizing that there’s no food)
Extinction
- Disappearance of learned response following removal or absence of US
- (took food away from ticking, stopped salivating from ticking alone)
Spontaneous recovery
Reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred
Higher-order conditioning
Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus
Cognitive perspective
- Conditioning occurs because CS provides information/expectancy about the coming of the US
Conditioned emotional response (CER)
- Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli
- (fear of dogs, emotional reaction to attractive person)
Vicarious conditioning
- Classical conditioning of an involuntary response/emotion by watching reaction of another person
Watson
Little Albert and white rat
Conditioned taste aversions
- Development of a nausea to particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association
- (Döner)
Biological preparedness
- animals learn certain associations, e.g. taste and nausea, with only one/few parings due to survival value of the learning
Operant conditioning
Learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of reinforcement and punishment
Law of effect
- If action is followed by pleasurable consequence: tend to be repeated,
- if followed by unpleasant consequence, tends not to be repeated
Operant
Any behavior that is voluntary and not elicited by specific stimuli
Reinforcement
Any event/stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again
Reinforcers
Any events/objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again
Primary reinforcer
Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need (hunger, thirst, touch)
Secondary reinforcer
Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens or gold stars
Positive reinforcement
Reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus
Negative reinforcement
The reinforcement of a response by the removal/escape from/avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus
Operant conditioning based on
Edward L. Thorndike and B. F. Skinner
Operant
Any behavior that is voluntary and not elicited by specific stimuli
Partial reinforcement effect
Tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction (1$ each week)
Continuous reinforcement
The reinforcement of each and every correct response (0,25$ everytime)
Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
The interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same (paycheck once a week)
Variable interval schedule of reinforcement
The interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event
Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
The number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same
Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event
Punishment
Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again
Punishment by application
Punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus
Punishment by removal
Punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus
Discriminative stimulus
Any stimulus (stop sign/door knob) that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement(slowing down if you see police car)
Behavior modification
The use of learning techniques to modify/change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior (select target behavior, reinforcer, special treat)
Token economy
The use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges
Applied behavior analysis (ABA)
Form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response
Biofeedback
Using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control
Behavior modification
The use of learning techniques to modify/change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior (select target behavior, reinforcer, special treat)
Token economy
The use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges
Applied behavior analysis (ABA)
Form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response
Biofeedback
Using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control
Neurofeedback
Form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior
Latent learning
Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful
Insight
The sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly
Learned helplessness
The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
Observational learning
Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
Learning/performance distinction
Observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior
Four elements of observational learning (Bandura)
- Attention
- Memory
- Imitation
- Desire
