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Psychology > Chapter 5: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

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2
Q

Classical conditioning

A
  • a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired
  • food and bell for dog
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3
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Original stimulus, unlearned (food for dogs)

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4
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Automatic and involuntary response to unconditioned stimulus (salivation to food)

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5
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Neutral stimulus can become able to produce conditioned response after pairing it with unconditioned stimulus (bell with dog food)

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6
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Has no effect on desired response prior to conditioning (bell not paired with anything)

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7
Q

Conditioned response

A

Learned response to conditioned stimulus (salivation to bell)

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8
Q

Basics for classical conditioning

A
  1. Conditioned stimulus (cs) before UCS (Metronome before food)
  2. CS and UCS close together in time (-5 sec)
  3. Must be paired several times before conditioning takes place
  4. CS: should be distinctive
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9
Q

Stimulus generalization

A
  • Tendency to respond to stimulus similar to the original cs with the conditioned response (the more similar, the stronger)
    (- sound similar to a bell)
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10
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A
  • stop making generalized response to stimulus similar to original cs, because similar one is never paired with us
  • (other similar sound won’t cause salivation anymore after realizing that there’s no food)
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11
Q

Extinction

A
  • Disappearance of learned response following removal or absence of US
  • (took food away from ticking, stopped salivating from ticking alone)
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12
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

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13
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

Cognitive perspective

A
  • Conditioning occurs because CS provides information/expectancy about the coming of the US
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15
Q

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

A
  • Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli
  • (fear of dogs, emotional reaction to attractive person)
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16
Q

Vicarious conditioning

A
  • Classical conditioning of an involuntary response/emotion by watching reaction of another person
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17
Q

Watson

A

Little Albert and white rat

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18
Q

Conditioned taste aversions

A
  • Development of a nausea to particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association
  • (Döner)
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19
Q

Biological preparedness

A
  • animals learn certain associations, e.g. taste and nausea, with only one/few parings due to survival value of the learning
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20
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of reinforcement and punishment

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21
Q

Law of effect

A
  • If action is followed by pleasurable consequence: tend to be repeated,
  • if followed by unpleasant consequence, tends not to be repeated
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22
Q

Operant

A

Any behavior that is voluntary and not elicited by specific stimuli

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23
Q

Reinforcement

A

Any event/stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

24
Q

Reinforcers

A

Any events/objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again

25
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need (hunger, thirst, touch)

26
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens or gold stars

27
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

28
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

The reinforcement of a response by the removal/escape from/avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

29
Q

Operant conditioning based on

A

Edward L. Thorndike and B. F. Skinner

30
Q

Operant

A

Any behavior that is voluntary and not elicited by specific stimuli

31
Q

Partial reinforcement effect

A

Tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction (1$ each week)

32
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

The reinforcement of each and every correct response (0,25$ everytime)

33
Q

Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

A

The interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same (paycheck once a week)

34
Q

Variable interval schedule of reinforcement

A

The interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

35
Q

Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

A

The number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

36
Q

Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

A

number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

37
Q

Punishment

A

Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

38
Q

Punishment by application

A

Punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

39
Q

Punishment by removal

A

Punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

40
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

Any stimulus (stop sign/door knob) that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement(slowing down if you see police car)

41
Q

Behavior modification

A

The use of learning techniques to modify/change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior (select target behavior, reinforcer, special treat)

42
Q

Token economy

A

The use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges

43
Q

Applied behavior analysis (ABA)

A

Form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

44
Q

Biofeedback

A

Using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control

45
Q

Behavior modification

A

The use of learning techniques to modify/change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior (select target behavior, reinforcer, special treat)

46
Q

Token economy

A

The use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges

47
Q

Applied behavior analysis (ABA)

A

Form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

48
Q

Biofeedback

A

Using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control

49
Q

Neurofeedback

A

Form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

50
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

51
Q

Insight

A

The sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly

52
Q

Learned helplessness

A

The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

53
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

54
Q

Learning/performance distinction

A

Observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

55
Q

Four elements of observational learning (Bandura)

A
  1. Attention
  2. Memory
  3. Imitation
  4. Desire

Psychology (7 decks)

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