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Lab For AFM > Protozoa And fungi > Flashcards

Protozoa And fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Slime molds belong to which phyla

Water molds belong to which phyla

Which kingdom do they belong to

A

Myxomycota

Oomycota

Protozoa-little evidence for direct relationship to fungi.

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2
Q

Class myxomycetes are known as

A

Plasmodial slime molds

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3
Q

Plasmodial slime molds characteristics

A

-many diploid nuclei not divided by cell walls
-as it grows, nuclei divide repeatedly and synchronously
-thin streaming masses of protoplasm that creep along in an Amoeboid fashion

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4
Q

Feeding of Plasmodial slime molds

A

-engulf by phagocytosis bacteria, yeast cells, fungal spores and small particles of decayed plant and animals matter

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5
Q

How do Plasmodial slime models move

A

Cytoplasmic streaming

The cytoplasm can be seen to stream outward towards the edge of the plasmodia then slowed stop and stream onwards. This cycle alternated in different veins and the whole cycle repeated once every 3-5 min

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6
Q

Plasmodial growth continues as long as…..

What happened if it is not….

A

There is adequate food supply and moisture available

Plasmodium migrated to an exposed area and enters its reproductive stage when food and moisture are lacking.

Under adverse conditions, the plasmodium will produce fruitifications

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7
Q

What happens in fruitifications or fruiting bodies

A

Meiosis occurs to produce haploid spores.

Meiospores have cell walls that contain cellulose.

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8
Q

Myxomycota have what 3 reproductive structure types

A

Sporangium
Aethalium
Plasmodiocarp

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9
Q

Sporangium of Myxomycota

A

In many species, when the plasmodium stops moving, it divided into a large number of small mounds. Each mound produces a mature sporangium, usually borne at the tip of a stalk.

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10
Q

Peridium

A

A wall that encloses the spore mass
-may vary from delicate, thin and membranous to thick and tough impregnated with lime or refuse matter

Part of sporangium

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11
Q

Stalk or stipe of sporangium

A

Unless the fruiting body is sessile, it it borne by the stalk. Stalks display a diverse range of lengths, thicknesses and colours

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12
Q

Hypothallus of sporangium

A

A layer deposited by the plasmodium at the base of one or more of the fruiting bodies. Often it is continuous under a colony or cluster of sporangia; at other times it forms veins connecting a few fruitions bodies

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13
Q

Columella of sporangium

A

Located at the Center or at the base inside the sporangia. It appears to be an extension of the stalk, and may serve to support the spore mass

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14
Q

Capillitium of sporangium

A

Extensive series of thread-like structures usually present among the spores. These threads are sensitive to changes in humidity and expand and contract, helping to release the spores

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15
Q

Spores of sporangium

A

Very large number of haploid spores are produced in each fruiting body

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16
Q

Aethalium

A

Relatively massive, single chambered, sporangiophores. They are thought to have been formed by complete fusion of large numbers of sporangia during their evolutionary development. No trace of individual sporangial walls are found in most Aethalia

No stalks
No insidiously capitula

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17
Q

Plasmodiocarp

A

Discrete sporangia or aethalia are not produced. Instead, the entire plasmodium may develop into a Plasmodiocarp, which retains the former shape of the plasmodium

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18
Q

Spores of Myxomycota

A

Very small and easily dispersed by the wind
-if they land in favourable habitat they germinate.
-protoplasm may remain Amoeboid or it may develop one or two whiplash flagella.

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19
Q

Amoeboid is interchangeable with

A

Flagellated Swarm cells

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20
Q

Amoeboid feeding and multiplying

A

Ingestion of bacteria and organic material and multiple by mitosis and cell cleavage

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21
Q

If the food supply is used up, or conditions are otherwise unfavourable, the amoebae may cease to move and …..

A

Become round and secrete a thin wall to form a Microcyst

Microcysts can remain viable for a year or more, resuming activity when favourable conditions return

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22
Q

After a period of growth, plasmodia are formed by……

A

The fusion of gametes which are usually genetically different from one another and are derived from different haploid spores.

Gametes are amoebae or flagellate cells playing a new role

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23
Q

Oomycota are known as

A

Water molds or downy mildews

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24
Q

The members of phyla oomycota all produce ……

A

Nonsexual propagative spores that are flagellate (zoospores) and the number, position and type of flagellae provide the means for further breakdown. They do not generate any complex spore-producing organs.

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25
Q

Thalli of oomycota

A

Relatively simple, ranging from a single cell, which is eventually converted into a reproductive structure (holocarpic) to a differentiated cells which is separated into a veg active and reproductive portion.

Most complex thallus is a branched coenocytic mycelium.

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26
Q

Where do oomycota live

A

Water or at least require free water for a motile flagellate stage

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27
Q

How are oomycota distinguished from chytrids

A

Exclusively diploid assimilative hyphae
-cell walls of these organisms are composed largely of cellulose or cellulose-like polymers, thus differing markedly from the cell walls of the fungi which are made of chitin. They range from unicellular formed to highly branched, coenocytic filamentous ones

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28
Q

How do oomycota reproduce

A

Both sexually and asexually

Sexual is Oogamous (egg is large and non motile and Sperm is small and biflagellate). Union results in an oospore, which serves as a resting spore.

Asexual is by zoospores that have 2 flagella: one tinsel and one whiplash

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29
Q

Order Saproleginales habitat and lifestyle

A

Aquatic oomycota
-water molds
-fresh water
-saprobic, few are parasitic

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30
Q

Sexual reproduction in water molds can occur with male and female sec organs borne on the same individual =

Or

Male and female sex organs are borne on different individuals

A

Homothallic - Saproleginales

Heterothallic - Achlya

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31
Q

Both Saprolegina and Achyla reproduce ……

A

Both sexually and asexually

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32
Q

Order Peronosporales habitat and lifestyle

A

Primarily terrestrial oomycota

Pathogen - plasmopara viticola caused downy mildew on grapes and Phytophthora infestans cases late blight on potatoes

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33
Q

Order Saproleginales (water molds)

Structure

A

-profusely-branched coencytic hyphae which forms a colony around decaying organic material in the water

-diploid mycelia

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34
Q

Saprolegnia sp.
-lifestyle
-reproduction is mainly

A

-Parasitic on fresh water fish and fish eggs
-asexual

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35
Q

Asexual and sexual cycle of Saprolegnia

A

Asexual: tips of vegatatice hyphae have sporangia which undergo mitosis to produce flagellated primary zoospores. These encyst and then form secondary zoospores, which then encyst and then became vegetative hyphae

Sexual: vegetative hyphae have Oogonia on tips. Undergo meiosis to produce oospheres. Antheridia develops from other tips of same inddivual to produce nervous male nuclei. Antheridia grow toward Oogonia and develop tubular processes called fertilization tubes, that penetrate the Oogonia. Male nuclei travel down fertilization tubes to the female nuclei and fuse with them. Thick walled zygote (oospore) is produced. Upon germination, the oospore developed into a hyphae which then produced a sporangium.

Homothallic (monoecious)

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36
Q

Order Peronosporales (downy mildews)

-lifestyle
-reproduction stages

A

-obligate parasite on the aerial parts of higher plants

-spores are wind borne, sporangia are not unspecialized hyphae tips, but borne on branched aerial asexual conidiophores, which produce asexual spores called gonidia.

-sexual sporangia are borne on sporangiophores. The sporangiophores cover the surface of the leaves and stems of the infected plants, giving them a downy appearance. The entire sporangia are released, then fall to the ground to be picked up by emerging seedlings or are carried on the wind to and on leaves of more mature plants.

-if free water is present, the sporangia germinate and release flagellated zoospores. These zoospores swim and enter the plant tissue through open stomata, or any break in the cuticle. The zoospores then Develop into the hyphae which invaded the host tissue.

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37
Q

The mycelia of Peronosporales feed ok living cells by the use of

A

Haustoria

Haustoria penetrate the living host cells and absorb nutrients and pass them to the growing hyphae

38
Q

Peronospora parasitica

A

Downy mildew on crucifers

-organism causes infections in mustard, canola, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and turnips

-diseased plants are detected by their swollen, and distorted stems bearing a white flower or sporangiophores.
-the leaves the fungus is associated with a yellowish patch on the upper surface and the formation of white sporangiophores beneath.
-invading mycelia destroy the host tissue.

39
Q

Downy mildews do not occur in the _____ habitat and the motile zoospore stage is all but _______ in Peronopsora

A

Aquatic
Absent

40
Q

Phytophthora infestans

A

Late blight on potatoes
-caused by a fungus-like organism called Phytophthora infestans which is a destructive parasite of potatoes

In potatoes the disease can cause rapid destruction of foliage and tubers.

41
Q

Is Phytophthora infestans Homothallic or heterothallic

A

Heterothallic, requiring presence of two different strains for sexual reproduction to occcur

Whether a strain will be male or female is under nutritional control.

42
Q

asexual reproduction of Phytophthora infestans

A

Highly efficient and can result in rapid infestation of crops.

43
Q

How does Phytophthora infestans work

A

Branched sporangia emerge from the leaves, commonly through the stomata, and hygroscopic twisting of the sporangiophore occurs with changes in humidity, flicking off the sporangia into the wind. When wind-borne sporangia land on a moist leaf surface, they germinate by production of germ-tubes or at cooler temps by production of motile zoospores that may be dispersed further by swimming and splashing.

-infection of new host plant may take place inside 2 hours and production of new sporangia are sensitive to drying.

44
Q

Spells of ___________ price the rapid spread and crop destruction in Irish famines of Phytophthora infestans

A

Cool, damp weather

45
Q

Symptoms of Phytophthora infestans

A

dark lesions on stems or leaves resembling those caused by frost.
-under moist conditions: whitish masses of sporangia appear on the lesions.
-the tubers develop brown or purple blotches on skin, which spreads into the tuber flesh. Late blight can be a rapid and destructive disease: fields appear to be healthy but contain low incidence of disease, can be devastated within days

46
Q

Most fungi are multicellular filamentous structures, but yeasts are

A

UnicellulR

47
Q

Hyphae

Mycelium

A

Fungal filament

Mass of hyphae from one organism

48
Q

Septae

A

Cross walls of fungal hyphae

49
Q

Septate
Aseptate or coenocytic

A

Hyphae with cross walls

Hyphae lacking cross walls

50
Q

Functionally coenocytic

A

Even in hyphae with septae, there is movement of materials through a central pore in each septum. Protoplasm and nuclei can move from cell to cell making them functionally coenocytic

51
Q

Ascomycota Intraseptal pores

A

Large enough to accommodate passage of nuclei from cell to cell.

52
Q

Nuclei of fungal hyphae are _____

A

Haploid

53
Q

All fungi have cell walls composed primarily of

Primary storage polysaccharide in fungi

A

Polysaccharide chitin

Glycogen

54
Q

Rhizoids

A

Specialized hyphae to anchor some types of fungi to substrate

55
Q

Haustoria

A

Specialized hyphae of parasitic fungi which penetrate the plasma membrane of other organisms also that the fungus can absorb directly the cell contents of the host

56
Q

Fungi reproduce through the formation of either _________ spores

Most fungi have _____ spores but chytrids are an exception

A

Sexual or asexual

Non-motile

57
Q

Asexual reproduction in fungi is most commonly by ____ formation, with spores either produced in _______ or as single cells or chains of spores in ______ which arise from _____.

In some fungi, the hyphae can reproduce asexually via _______

A

Spore

Sporangia

Conidia
Hyphae

Fragmentation

58
Q

Fungal sexual reproduction consists of what phases

A

Plasmogamy-fusion of protoplasts
Karyogamy - fusion of nuclei
Meiosis

59
Q

Dikaryon

A

Two nuclei

The fusion of nuclei does not necessarily follow immediately after plasmogamy and hence the two haploid nuclei can exist together, unfused.

60
Q

If Karyogamy is delayed long enough, the paired haploid nuclei each may…..

A

Begin to divid mitotically and produce a dikaryotic mycelium. The haploid nuclei with eventually fuse within a fruiting body to form a diploid nucleus which quickly exhibits Zygotic meiosis and the only diploid phase in the life cycle is the zygote

61
Q

Members of zygomycota produce ______ as their sexual reproductive spores

A

Zygospores
Heavy-Walled zygote not associated with an oogonium.

62
Q

Ascomycota produce ________ within a special structure termed an ______

A

Ascospores

Ascus

63
Q

Baidiomycota produce _______ in a ______

A

Basidiospores

Basidium

64
Q

Phylum Chytridomycota or chytrids

Habitat and lifestyle

A

Mainly aquatic but some live in damp soil

Many are Parasitic on algae, fungi, mosses and higher plants

65
Q

Chytrids cell walls composition

A

Mostly of chitin

66
Q

Zoospores and gametes of chytrids have

A

-one posterior whiplash flagella at maturity.

Likely they branched off from other fungal lines and their flagellates condition represents the retention of primitive characteristic destined from a flagellated protist ancestor.

67
Q

Chytrids consist of forms with no true ___ and most are ______

A

Mycelium

Coenocytic

68
Q

During reproduction, what do chytrids do

A

Whole organism is transformed into a reproductive unit

69
Q

Synchytrium endobioticum

-what phyla
-common name

A

Chytriomycota
Black wart disease of potato

70
Q

Synchytrium endobioticum

A

Obligate parasite which causes black wart disease of potatoes. Like many other specialized parasites it induces abnormal growth (hypertrophy) of infected cells. The infested tubers have large-wart like growth on them. Although there have been bad outbreaks of this disease in Newfoundland, it is not of economic importance today due to the strict control over the import of infected seed potatoes.

Produced thick walled resting spores in the wafted tuber. Also formed zoospores which have a very short range of operation in the aqueous phase of soil.

71
Q

Synchytrium endobioticum is ______ and ________ (whole cell becomes reproduce structure)

A

Unicellular

Holocarpic

72
Q

Only member of the Fungi in which motility have been retained

A

Order Blastocladiales

73
Q

Blastocladiomycetes tend to be ______, in which there is an extensive vegetative growth habit in which some of the organism participated in reproduction (sexual or sexual)

A

Eucarpuc

74
Q

Members of _______ exhibit complete alternation of generations between a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte

A

Blastocladiales

75
Q

Allomyces forms a ______ in both generations

A

Cottony mycelia

76
Q

Gametophytes of allomycetes

A

Tandem paired gametangia that terminate the hyphae such that the terminal gametangia (usually smaller of the two) is male and it produces the smaller of the two motile ansiogametes. The larger proximal gametangia release larger motile ansiogametes.

77
Q

Sporophyte of Allomyces

A

Produced terminal single sporangia within which meiosis occurs and zoospores are formed

Released zoospores develop into gametophyte

78
Q

Allomyces sp.
-habitat
-alternation of generations?

A

-Water mold distributed in soil throughout the world and particularly in warmer climates

-yes, diploid filamentous sporothallus produces spores and a haploid filamentous gametothallus produces gametes

79
Q

The filamentous cells of Allomyces grow without ……, and divide in a _________

A

Limitation in length

Dichotomous pattern that results in a geometric mycelium

80
Q

Hyphae of Allomyces

A

Hyphae are separated by pseudosepta that allow free circulation of intracellular materials along the filaments.

The reproductive structures at the end of hyphae are isolated by compete septa.

81
Q

Allomyces macrogynus is a ______ fungi which exhibits two very similar looking dichotomously branching coenocytic thallus while immature. However, once thalli have reached maturity…..

A

Saprobic homothallic

-orange male gametangia growing Epigynously on the clear female gametangia make the haploid gameothallus differentiator from the diploid sporothallus that produces terminal sporangia.

82
Q

Gametangia of Allomyces produce what

A

Small haploid posterior, uniflagellate gametes.

The female gametes is much less motile than male and diffuses a hormone to attract the male gamete. Upon gamete fusion, a large posterior biflagellate zygote is produced that encyst to form the sporothallus

83
Q

On a single sporothallus of Allomyces, what can be produced

A

Pigmented resistant sporangia and clear zoosporangia

Thick-Walled melanin pigments resistant sporangia are the site of meiosis and release haploid zoospores into an exit papilla prior to release into the water.

Haploid zoospores later encyst to form the gametothallus

84
Q

Phylum Zygomycota

-lifestyle

A

Saprobic-living on decaying plant or animal material in the soil. Some may be parasites on plants, insects or small soil animals.

85
Q

Rhizopus stolonifera
-common name
-what does it cause

A

Bread mold

Causes black bread mold that forms cottony masses on the surface of moist bread exposed to the air.

86
Q

Mycelium of Rhizopus stolonifera

A

Composted if 3 different types of haploid hyphae

-bulk of mycelium consists of rapidly growing hyphae that are coenocytic and aseptate. Arching hyphae called stolons are formed. Stolons form this puts wherever their tips come in contact with the substrate.

87
Q

Sporangia of Rhizopus stolonifera

A

Form on the tips of sporangiophores, which are erect branched formed directly above the rhizoids. Each sporangium brings as a swelling into which a number of nuclei flow and are eventually cut off from the sporangiophores by the formation of a septum.

Sporangium become black as it matures giving the mold its colour. Each spores when liberated can germinate into a new mycelium

88
Q

Sexual reproduction of Rhizopus stolonifera

A

Occurs between different mating strains.

-when the two strains are in close proximity, hormones are produced that chase their hyphae tips to come together and develop into gametangia, which become separated from the rest of the fungal body by the formation of septa.

-walls between two touching gametangia dissolve and the two multinucleate protoplasts comes together. The fused nuclei form a young zygospores with several diploid nuclei.

89
Q

Zygospores of Rhizopus stolonifera

A

Develop thick, rough black coat and become dormant, often for several months.
Meiosis occurs at the time of germination. The zygospore cracks open ad produced a sporangium that is similar to the asexually produced sporangium and the life cycle begins again

90
Q

Rhizopus rot is caused by…..

A

Rhizopus stolonifera

Destructive to harvested fruit
-most commonly affects fruit in storage, during transit and at the marketplace.
-ripe fruit of peaches, nectarines, sweet cherries and plus are most susceptible.
-causes fuzzy appearance

Lab For AFM (9 decks)

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