Bryophyta

Question 1

Class Sphagnopsida
-common name

Class Bryopsida
-common name

Answer 1

-peat mosses
-true misses

Question 2

Class Sphagnopsida
Order Sphagnales
-habitat
-morphology
-how do they grow

Answer 2

-wet acid bogs and forests in cool and cold parts of the world
-dense and deep cushions and mats
-individual plants grow for many years and may become up to 1 meter in length. Old parts die as the top grows ever upwards. The dead parts only partially decay due to acidic properties.

Question 3

Peat

Answer 3

Accumulations of dead plants that may be meters deep and are often harvested for fuel or for soil additives for water conservation

Question 4

Class Sphagnopsida
Order Sphagnales

Gametophytes arise from …..

Answer 4

Protonemata - plate like

Stems of peat moss gametophytes bear clusters of five branches at each node. Branches are highly tufted near the stem apex where they from a mop/-like head.

Their leaves lack costa (midrib) and mature plants lack rhizoids

Question 5

Class Sphagnopsida

Leaves and stems

Answer 5

Considerable cellular differentiation within the leaves and stems.

Large, hollow, dead cells (hyaline cells) in the leaves have pores that allow direct entry by water.

Between water - storing hyaline cells are rows of small, living, thick-walled cells with many chloroplasts called chlorophyllous cells

Anthocyanain pigment gives off purplish tinge

Question 6

Types of branches in Class Sphagnopsida

Answer 6

Lateral branches: stuck outwards from the side of the stem

Pendulous branches: hang down, coiled

Question 7

Class Sphagnopsida

Water is wicked up between the pendulous branches and the outside surfaces of the main stem by a ……

Answer 7

Capillary movement

Question 8

The water storing capacity of _______ cells together with the wicking effect of the _______, gives sphagnum a tremendous ________ capacity

Answer 8

Hyaline
Pendulous branches
Water holding

Question 9

Capitulum

Answer 9

Reproductive branches

Question 10

Hyaline cells

Answer 10

Large, transparent, hollow water storing cells

Question 11

Class Sphagnopsida
Order Sphagnales

Stem tissue divided into 2 regions….

Answer 11

1. Inner pith-> photosynthesis and storage
2. Outer cortical layer of larger, usually dead cells->water absorption and protection

Question 12

Perichaetial leaves

Answer 12

Surround the archegonia and later, the base of the sporophyte

Question 13

How are sporophytes of Class Sphagnopsida distinctive

Answer 13

-capsules are nearly spherical and are raised on stalks called Pseudopodia are are part of the gametophyte
-sporophyte is a very short stalk
-spore discharge: internal tissues of the capsules shrink as they mature, resulting in gas-filled interior chambers with high pressure. Further contraction of the maturing capsule results in the operculum being blown off and the escaping gas Carrie’s a cloud of spores out of the capsule

Question 14

Archegonia and antheridia in Class Sphagnopsida are present but are hidden in the protective ……. Leaves

Answer 14

Perichaetial

Question 15

The gametophyte phases of all losses pass through two distinct developmental stages:

Answer 15

The protonema stage: arises from the germinated spore

The leafy gametophyte stage: develops from buds on the protonema

Question 16

In true mosses, the protonema is a _______, branching filament which superficially resembles …….

Answer 16

Uniseriate (cells occurs in a tingle filament)

Filamentous green algae

Question 17

Some branches of the protonema penetrate the substrate and lose their chloroplasts, these are known as….

Answer 17

Rhizoids

Question 18

Class Bryopsida

Gametophyte characteristics

Answer 18

-leafy and usually upright and range from a few millimetres to 50 cm or more.
-multicellular rhizoids
-leaves are one cell layer thick (except at costa)
-stems lack conducting cells (exception)

Question 19

Exception to stems without conducting cells in Class Bryopsida

Answer 19

Polytrichium sp. and a few related genera have a central stand of elongate cells that play a role in conduction but are not sufficiently specialized to be considered fully functional vascular tissue

Question 20

Lamellae

Answer 20

Photosynthetic cells that form filaments along the leaf

Question 21

Two common growth patterns amongst the mosses

Answer 21

1. Acrocarpus forms or Cushion mosses: erect, more or less unbranched gametophytes and bear terminally attached sporophytes
2. Pleurocarpus of feather mosses: plants are much-branched and are creeping with laterally borne sporophytes

Question 22

Life history of Class Bryopsida

Answer 22

Some genera are unisexual (dioecious), whereas in others both archegonia and antheridia are produced by the same plant (monoecious) m

Question 23

Gametangia are produced by ……..

Class Bryopsida

Answer 23

By mature leafy gametophytes at the tips of the main axis, or on lateral branches

Question 24

Class Bryopsida

Sporophyte characteristics

Answer 24

-small compared to gametophyte
-each consists of a foot embedded in the tissues of the gametophyte, a seta or stalk that elevated the capsule above the gametophytes.
-capable of photosynthesis while still early in their development
-gradually lose ability to photosynthesis and turn brown

Question 25

Difference between liverworts and bryophytes in terms of nutrition

Answer 25

Sporophytes of bryophytes are capable of photosynthesis while still early in their development and therefore are much less dependent on the gametophytes for nutrition than liverworts.

Question 26

Spore discharge of class Bryopsida

Answer 26

Upon maturity, a lid-like operculum bursts off the capsule and allows the spores to be discharged.

Question 27

The loss of the operculum reveals a ring of ……

Answer 27

Peristome teeth that surround the opening of the operculum.

Peristome plays a role in regulating spore discharge and is characteristic in class Bryopsida but not in class Sphagnopsida

Question 28

Class Bryopsida
Order Polytrichales

Common name
Characteristics

Answer 28

Hair mosses

-acrocarpus gametophyte
-leaves with well/developed costae
-upper surface covered by parallel ridges known as lamellae.
-stem differentiated into several types of tissues that include support tissue that resembles sclerenchyma and the above central cylinder that resembles the conducting tissue of vascular plants

Question 29

Class Bryopsida
Order Polytrichales

Cortex:
Central cylinder:

Answer 29

Living cells

Central cylinder:
-hydroids: dead cells to conduct water (similar to xylem)
-leptoids: cells to conduct sugars

Question 30

Class Bryopsida
Order Polytrichales

Life cycle
-male gametophytes have….
-female gametophytes have…

Answer 30

Antheridial cups

Female gametophytes with young and mature sporophytes

Question 31

Class Bryopsida
Order Eubryales

Characteristics

Answer 31

-gametophytes and sporophytes are less complex than those of order Polytrichales

-leaves are simple
-classified into 2 groups according to habitat and growth:

1. Acrocarpus mosses: upright and bear sporophytes at the apices of their stems

2.Pleurocarpus mosses: creeping and bear sporophytes on lateral branches

Question 32

Two types of abundant feather mosses in boreal forests of Manitoba that form mycorrhizal relationships with fungi and with coniferous trees

Answer 32

Red-stem feather moss
-branching reddish horizontal stems covered by minute leaves. Sporophytes attach laterally on main stems, not at
Stem tips

Stair step moss
-smaller leaves and laterally places sporophytes if present. Grows in increments like steps.

Vegetative reproduction is so successful that sexual reproduction is scarce