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Lab For AFM > Heterokontophyta > Flashcards

Heterokontophyta Flashcards

1
Q

Algae in Chrysophyceae can be ______, _______ or ______

A

Unicellular, colonial, filamentous

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2
Q

Pigmentation of Chrysophyceae

A

Predominant pigments: fucoxanthin, Dinaxanthin, diadinoxanthin, b-carotene

Chlorophyll a and c (no b)

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3
Q

Pigments of Chrysophyceae are contained where?

A

Chloroplasts with outfoldings of nuclear membrane

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4
Q

Thylakoid structure in Chrysophyceae

A

Thylakoids within chloroplasts are grouped into 3’s with no granal stacks

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5
Q

Outer covering of Chrysophyceae

A

Vary: naked protoplasts, cells with ornate scales, closely attached walls or overlapping valves

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6
Q

Principle food reserved of Chrysophyceae

A

Carbohydrates

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7
Q

Asexual reproduction of Chrysophyceae is by means of

A

Binary fission, fragmentation or sporulation (zoospores or autospores) or testing spires (statospores)

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction in Chrysophyceae is usually ______ with ______ meiosis

A

Isogamous

Zygotic

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9
Q

Ochromonas sp.
-taxonomy
-habitat
-lifestyle
-structure
-appearance

A

Class Chrysophyceae

-planktonic or benthic in cold waters
-photo autotrophs or heterotrophs
-unicellular, naked forms
-2 dissimilar flagellae, parietal chloroplasts, eyespot and contractile vacuole

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10
Q

Synura
-taxonomy
-claim to fame
-lifestyle
-appearance

A

Class Chrysophyceae
-undesirable taste on drinking water
-motile, spherical colony
-biflagellate, taped towards the center of the colony

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11
Q

Dinobryon
-taxonomy
-lifestyle
-appearance
-what does it do

A

Class Chrysophyceae
-dendroid colony of Loricate cells. Each cell within the lorica is biflagellate.

-foul or fishy odour to water

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12
Q

Class Bacillariophyceae are known as?

A

Diatoms

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13
Q

Class Bacillariophyceae

Vegetative cells are typically ______ and ______

A

Unicellular

Non motile

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14
Q

Class Bacillariophyceae

The two overlapping valves (_____) are made of ______ with an organic coating and cover membrane-bound protoplasm

A

Frustules

Silica

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15
Q

Class Bacillariophyceae chloroplast structure

A

Vary from being several discoid chloroplasts per cell to single large Stellate or band-shaped structures

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16
Q

The predominant of carotenoid pigments in Class Bacillariophyceae imparts a ____________ to _________ appearance to the cells

A

Golden brown

Yellow green

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17
Q

Reproduction in Class Bacillariophyceae

A

-binary fission

-during mitosis, the two valves of the frustule separate, the protoplasm divides longitudinally and the innermost or hypothecal valve is replaced in each new daughter cell

-to compensate for this reduction, the cells periodically shed both of the valves, increase in sauce and synthesize two new valves.

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18
Q

The vegetative state of Class Bacillariophyceae is ______

A

Diploid

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19
Q

Sexual reproduction in Class Bacillariophyceae

A

Centric forms are oogamous and pennate forms are isogamous

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20
Q

Diatoms environment

A

-marine and freshwater
-planktonic and benthic

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21
Q

How is Class Bacillariophyceae divided

A
  1. Centrales or somewhat radial forms
  2. Pennales or elongate forms

Shapes determined from top of the valves (valve view). The side view is termed (girdle view)

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22
Q

Cyclotella sp.
-taxonomy
-type of diatom

A

Class Bacillariophyceae
Order Centrales

-centric diatoms

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23
Q

Melosira sp.
-taxonomy
-type of diatom
-appearance

A

Class Bacillariophyceae
Order Centrales

-centric
-chains of cells by failing to separate after cell division. Chains are joined at the valve tops, so the chain appears as rectangular cells in girdle view

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24
Q

Tabellaria sp.
-taxonomy
-type of diatom
-appearance

A

Class Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales
-pennate
-joined at the corners of the cells to give the appearance of a long zig-zag chain

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25
Q

Synedra sp.
-taxonomy
-type of diatom
-appearance
-habitat

A

Class Bacillariophyceae
Order Pennales
-Pennate

-long pennate diatom where cells occur singly
-planktonic and benthic species

26
Q

Diatomaceous earth

A

Mined from ancient deposits of marine diatoms. All that remains of the cells is the silica frustules, but these are extremely useful in a number of commercial ways such as abrasives and filters

Pennate and centric forms

27
Q

Class Phyaeophyceae common name

A

Brown algae

28
Q

The larger, macroscopic algae belong to one of two groups:

-used for what?
-grow where?

A

Class phaeophyceae

Phylum Rhodophyta

Vast majority of seaweeds

Enormous geological range-tropical to arctic waters, few are freshwater

29
Q

Members of Class Phyaeophyceae are primarily living where?

A

Marine macro-algae

Few freshwater

30
Q

Basic unit of organization of Class Phyaeophyceae

A

Filament

31
Q

Brown colour of Class Phyaeophyceae is due to what

A

Making effects of chlorophyll’s by carotenoids and xanthophyll pigments (mainly fucoxanthin)

32
Q

Class Phyaeophyceae, contains orders that can be organized according to their life cycles:

A

Isogenerate: exhibit isomorphic alternation of generations

Heterogenerate: exhibit heteromorphic alternation of generations

Cyclosporae: do not exhibit alternation of generations

33
Q

Order Ectocarpales
-life cycle
-appearance
-anchorage

A

-isogenerate life cycle
-branched filamentous (thalli) forming bushy organisms from a few to 15cm in length.
-horizontal rhizoid-like structure penetrate the substrate for anchorage

34
Q

Life cycle of Ectocarpus

A

-haploid and diploid phases are both filamentous

-diploid individuals produce unilocular meiosporangia; these are sporangia which produce meiospores (zoospores). The diploid individuals also produce plurilocular sporangia (many chambers) in which each chamber produced one “swarmer”
-The gametophyte produces only plurilocular structures. These could be zoosporangia, producing asexual zoospores, or gametangia, producing flagellated isogametes

-nuclei of unilocular mother cells divide meiotically to produce haploid zoospores. These are about twice the size of the gametes produced by haploid plurilocular sporangia. These haploid zoospores germinate to produce haploid gametophytes. Since the diploid sporophytes and the haploid gametophytes look the same, we can say that is is an example of isomorphic alternation of generations

Motile gametes are all the same size. Females settle down on the substrate and chemically attract male gametes, which fuse with them to form a zygote (2n). These zygotes develop in to the diploid plants

35
Q

Asexual reproduction in Ectocarpus

A

-plurilocular sporangia of diploid generation produce diploid zoospores by Mitosis. These germinate into sporophytes, just like the parents. Haploid gametophytes also produce plurilocular structures. The plurilocular structures on the gametophyte are smaller than those of the sporophyte, they can produce either zoospores, or gametes (all by mitosis)

36
Q

Order Laminariales
-life cycle type
-common name
-anatomy of kelp

A

-heterogenerate life cycle
-kelp
-holdfast, stipe, and blade region

37
Q

Laminariales have well-defined areas of cell division meristematic regions within their _____

A

Blade regions

38
Q

Leo’s have strands of elongated __________ in the Center of the ______ that are similar to ______. These cells have _______ similar to those of vascular plants

A

Conducting cells

Stipe

Phloem

Sieve plates

39
Q

Marine algae do not need a mechanism for water transport and therefore there are no cells analogous to ______ or _____

A

Trachieds

Vessel elements

40
Q

Morphology of Laminaria sp.

A

-distinct alternation of generations

-sporophytes are large and long-lived (blades up to 100m). Are parenchymous with growth from an intercalary meristem between the stipe and the blade, which adds tissue to both.

-gametophytes are much smaller and filamentous

41
Q

Sexual reproduction in Laminaria sp is ________

A

Oogamous

42
Q

Holdfast

A

Site of firm attachment of the kelp to the substrate by the growth of rhizoidal cells from the outer meristematic cells.

These rhizoidal cells fill every microscopic crevice of the substrate until an exact profile of the substrate is built.

43
Q

3 tissue regions found in the sporophyte of Laminaria

A

Central medulla
Cortex and epidermis

44
Q

At the thallus surface are the ________, _______ cells of the meristoderm, which add to the girth of the organ in Laminaria so

A

Photosynthetic
Meristematic

45
Q

Life cycle of Laminaria sp.

A

Along length of the blade are found regions of epidermis called “sori”. These spring are composed of unilocular sporangia, intermingles with sterile “paraphrases” (filamentous strucures found packed between sporangia or gametangia). The unilocular meiosporangia produce 32 haploid meiospres. These meiospores settle to the substrate and produce the small filamentous gametophyte generation. The male gametophytes form mall colourless antheridia, that produce motile, biflagellate sperm. The females form elongated Oogonia. A single egg is released from the oogonium prior to fertilization. After fertilization, the zygote germinates to form a flat pro-embryo that subsequently differentiates into the mature sporophyte

46
Q

Order Fulcales
-life cycle
-structure

A

Cyclosporae-haploid generation being reduced to eggs and sperm. The
remainder of the lifecycle is diploid.

-parenchymous with growth from an apical cell

47
Q

Fucus sp.
-taxonomy
-appearance

A

Class Phaeophyceae
Order Fucales

-thallus is branches and supported by a short narrow stalk that is attached to a discoid holdfast. The branching is dichotomous and each branch has an apical cell that divides several times a year resulting in the formation of a dichotomy or fork.

48
Q

Internal anatomy of Fucus

A

-mucilaginous cuticle covering the epidermal layer of cells
-inner cortex, with the medulla in the Center.

49
Q

In Fucus, when vegetative tissues are damaged, cells of the exposed tissue divide to form a _____________

A

callous-like layer that differentiates into the adventitious branches

50
Q

In Fucus, gametangia are formed in specialized hollow chambers called….

These are found embedded in ……

A

Conceptacles

Fertile areas called receptacles located at the tips of the branches of the sporophyte

51
Q

Gametangia in Fucus

A

Oogonia and antheridia

52
Q

Individuals of Fucus can be _______ or _______

A

Monoecious
Dioecious

53
Q

Antheridia and Oogonia of monoecious species of fucus can be located in ……

A

The same or in separate conceptacles

54
Q

Meiosis, which occurs within the _____, is immediately followed by ______ to give _____eggs per oogonium.

Similarity, ______ follows _____ in the _______ producing _____ sperm

Eventually the eggs and Sperm…….. where fertilization occurs

Fucus sp.

A

Oogonium
Mitosis
8

Mitosis
Meiosis
64

Set free int the water

55
Q

Fucus

The small bumps on the surface of the receptacles are ________ which are….

A

Ostioles

Opening to the conceptacles

56
Q

What type of meiosis is Fucus do undergoing

A

Gametic

57
Q

Medulla

A

Conducting area

Perforated sieve plates to conduct sugars

58
Q

Intercalary meristem

A

Between blade and stipe, extends height

59
Q

Function of cortex, medulla and meristoderm

A

Cortex: parenchymous

Medulla: conducting

Meristoderm: photosynthetic and meristematic

60
Q

Pneumatocysts

A

Air bladder of fucus sp

Lab For AFM (9 decks)

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