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Lab For AFM > Basidiomycota > Flashcards

Basidiomycota Flashcards

1
Q

How are basidiomycota distinguished from other fungal groups?

A

Production of basidiospores which are borne outside a club-shaped, spore producing structure called the basidium

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2
Q

Life cycle of Basidiomycota

A

-When germinating, a basidiopore produces a primary mycelium, may be multinucleate but septa soon form and the mycelium is divided into monokaryotic (uninucleate) cells
-secondary mycelium is produced by the fusion of primary mycelium from two different mating types (heterokaryotic) or from primary hyphae where septum fail to form and all subsequent cells are binucleate (dikaryotic) which is then homokaryotic secondary mycelium.

-either form results in a dikaryotic (binucleate) mycelium.
-Karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy.
-apical cells of secondary mycelium divide by formation of clamp connections.
-tertiary mycelium arise from the secondary mycelium and form basidiomata (fruiting bodies).
-spore forming basidia are produced by terminal cell on millions of dikaryotic hyphae. Karyogamy occurs between two haploid nuclei within this developing basidium and then diploid nuclei undergoes meiosis to produce 4 haploid nuclei. These nuclei then migrate into 4 small extensions at the apical end of the basidium, and are walled off to form four basidiospores

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3
Q

Mycelium of basidiomycota are always________ and passes through what distinct phases

A

Septate
Primary, secondary and tertiary during the life cycle

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4
Q

Clamp connections

A

Ensure allocation of one nucleus of each type to the daughter cells, are highly characteristic of the basidiomycota

Maintains a regular dikaryon

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5
Q

Formation of basidiospores steps

A
  1. Two haploid nuclei in an apical dikaryotic hyphal compartment fuse to form a diploid nucleus.
  2. Diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis to yield 4 haploid nuclei
  3. Four outgrowths (sterigma) begin to form at the top of the hyphal compartment; tips of each sterigma inflate.
  4. A fluid-filled bascule develops near the base of the compartment; gradually enlarges and forced protoplasm into the inflated portions of each sterigma
  5. One nucleus passes into tips of each inflated sterigma
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6
Q

Basidium

A

Compartment supporting the sterigmata and basidiospores

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7
Q

Basidiospores

A

Uninucleate swelling at the tip of each sterigma matures knot a basidiospores

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8
Q

Separation of clades in basidiomycota is based on what criteria

A

-extend of protection the basidiomata mycelia give the basidia
-presence or absence of septae in the basidia
-method of release of the basidiospores from the basidia

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9
Q

Class Holobasidiomycetes characteristics

A

-largest class
-basidiocarps provide increased surface area for production of basidia
-none or only partial enclosure of the basidia
-basidia are non-septate
-basidiospores are forcibly ejected from the basidia

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10
Q

Order Agaricales are commonly known as?

A

Filled mushrooms

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11
Q

Order Agaricales

Basidiocarps of this order are the familiar _______ and ______

A

Mushrooms and toadstools

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12
Q

Hymenium

A

Fertile layer of a sporocarp, for example on Ascomata and basidiomata

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13
Q

The vegetative portion of the fungus in Order Agaricales exists as a _______

A

Mycelial network which grows saprobically in the soil.

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14
Q

Order Agaricales

The basidia are borne on a _______

A

Hymeneal layer on the surface of gills which in turn are produced on the underside of fleshy umbrella-like basidiomata.

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15
Q

Order Agaricales

The basidiocarps consists of a ______ stalk bearing a _______ cap from which the _______ hand down

A

Stout stalk (stipe)

Circular cap (pileus)

Lamellae (gills)

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16
Q

Lifestyle of Order Agaricales

A

Saprobic but some are free parasites

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17
Q

Order Agaricales

What is unique about the fruiting body (basidioma)

A

It is an ephemeral structure usually lasting only a few days, whereas the mycelium living on organic matter in the soil may last years

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18
Q

Order Aphyllophorales are commonly known as

A

Pore and toothed fungi

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19
Q

Order Aphyllophorales

-Basidiomata characteristics
-hymenium location
-habitat

A

-woody, leathery or papery but never soft basidomata
-covering the surface of “teeth” or lining the inside of “pores”
-common bracket fungi or shelf fungi found growing on the surface of living or dead tree trunks->important tree decay

20
Q

Order Lycoperdales common names

A

Puffballs and earth stars

21
Q

Order Lycoperdales
-hymenium location and unique characterisitc

A

-if present, is never exposed to the air=it is enclosed inside a sealed basidiomata
-hymenium disintegrates at spore maturity, leaving the spores free inside the basidiomata

22
Q

Order Lycoperdales

What results from the hymenium disintegrating

A

The basidiospores are therefore not forcibly ejected from the basidium.

23
Q

How are spores released from basidium in Order Lycoperdales

A

The outer wall of the basidiomata must be broken so the spores can be carried away in the wind

24
Q

Peridium

A

The covering over the spore mass of a fruiting body on basidiomata

25
Q

Gleba

A

Early in development of the basidiomata, there is a spongy tissue contained inside the Peridium called a gleba. This spongy tissue generates the basidia, which produce the basidiospores. This gleba disintegrates when the spores mature.

The gleba also produces capillitial threads which aid in spore release

26
Q

Capillitial threads

A

A mass of sterile fibers within a fruiting body interspersed among spores

27
Q

In the puffballs, the mature basidioma consists of a papery outer Peridium with a small opening or _______ on the top

What is the function?

A

Ostiole

When the wind blows past the ostiole, it releases some spores, however when raindrops strike the leathery Peridium, puffs of spores are ejected through the ostiole.

28
Q

Geasteum sp. are known as ______

Unique feature

A

Earth stars

Outer Peridium which peels back at maturity and elevated the rest of the basidioma higher above the ground, to improve spore dispersal.

29
Q

Order Nidulariales common name and why the name

A

Birds nest fungi

Cup-shaped basidiocarp in which discoid Perididoles lie like eggs in a nest.

Gleba becomes divided into a number of separate portions (peridioles) each delimitated by a hard wall of interwoven hypha and attarched by a weak strand to the inner peridial wall

30
Q

Order Nidulariales

Spore release

A

When rain drops strike the interior of the cup, they splash out the peridioles, which can be ejected as far as 1 meter.

Each peridioles has a mucilaginous strand which trails after the peridioles and becomes entangled in the surrounding vegetation.

31
Q

Class Phragmobasidiomycetes

-Common fungi types
-unique features

A

-jelly fungi and ear jelly fungi
-basidia are divided by septa = phragmobasidia
-septa develop in basidia after meiosis= multicellular

32
Q

Order Tremellales

-Common name
-why is it regarded primitive?
-hymeneal layers location

A

-Jelly fungi
-septate basidia and a basidiocarp which is a folded gelatinous cushion
-exposed on the surface

33
Q

Order Tremellales lifestyle

A

Parasitic on wood (host-specific)

34
Q

Class Teliomycetes characteristics and lifestyle

A

-overwintering spore called a teliospore
-up to 5 different spore types in life cycle
-parasitic smut and rust fungi

35
Q

Order Ustilaginales
-common name
-lifestyle
-characteristic appearance

A

-smuts
-parasitic fungi causing major losses to wheat and corn crops. Only one host!
-sooty appearance of their Sori, filled with dark brown or black teliospores (resting spore) that form on the affected plant part

36
Q

How do smuts affect corn

A

Plant may be infected at any time in the early stages of its development, but gradually grows less susceptible after the formation of the ear. Any part of the plant above ground can be invaded, although it is common on the ears, tassels and the nodes than it is on leaves and aerial roots.

The boil is composed of a white, smooth covering enclosing a great mass sometimes 4-5 inches in diameter of black, greasy or powdery spores.

After the spores mature, the covering becomes dry and brittle, breaks open and permits the black powdery contents to fall out

37
Q

Order Uredinales
-common name
-lifestyle

A

-rusts
-parasites on ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms (host-specific). Some may complete life cycle on one host or two hosts

38
Q

One host vs two hosts terms

A

Autoecious
Heteroecious

39
Q

Puccinia graminis
-common name
-what order does it belong to
-lifestyle

A

-black stem rust on wheat
-order Uredinales

-Requires two diverse hosts to complete life cycle. Primary host is wheat. Common barberry is most widely distributed alternate host in the US and Europe. The fungus produces five spore stages. Spermagonia containing spermatia and aecia containing aeciospores are found on the alternate woody host. Urediospores and teliospores are found on wheat or grassy hosts

40
Q

Rust life cycle

Spring

A

-In the spring, infection of the alternate host (barberry) occurs when a basidiospore lands on the surface of the leaf. A flask shaped pycnium that is immersed in the surface leaf tissue is formed. Pycniospores are produced within the pycnium and exuded in a drop of nectar. Pycniospores fuse with the flexuous hyphae of a pycnium of another mating type. Nucleus of the Pycniospores migrated into the flexuous hypahe and its progeny make their way down through the haploid hyphae to the aecial primordium to establish the dikaryon.

The aecial primordium, now dikaryotic forms the cupulate aecium which bears binucleate, thin-walled aeciospores in chains. The Aecia are formed underneath the surface of the barberry plant

41
Q

Pycniospores act and function as ______

A

Spermatia

42
Q

Rust life cycle

Summer

A

The aeciospores are dispersed by air current and may land on the primary host, a cereal plant. The aeciospores germinate and the dikaryotic hyphae penetrate the host. Hypahe form pustules on the surface of the host called Uredinia and are reddish in appearance because they contain red, thick walled urediniospores, each borne on a short stalk.

Each Urediniosore is binucleate, preserving the dikaryotic condition. They are capable of initiating new infections on the cereal plants and can repeat this stage several times in a summer.

43
Q

Rust life cycle

Autumn

A

New spore develops in fall on the wheat plant called a telium where bears teliospores. They are binge late cells and have thick, dark walls making the telium appear black.

44
Q

Rust life cycle

Winter to early spring

A

Teliospores overwinter and in spring, each of its cells function as a probasidium. Karyogamy takes place in each cell of the teliospore and a meta basidium is produced from each cell. Meiosis occurs in the meta basidium which is then divided by transverse septa into 4 cells, each contains a single nucleus. Each cell of the mega basidium forms a sterigma and the nucleus is included in the basidiospore that is formed. The basidiospore is capable of initiating infection again on barberry plant.

45
Q

Teliospore

A

Function as a probasidium-site of Karyogamy and gives rise to basidium

Teliospores germinate and give rise to phragmobasidia (metabasidum-site of meiosis)

Lab For AFM (9 decks)

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