Hepatophyta and Anthocerophyta

Question 1

Bryophytes include what

Answer 1

Liverworts
Hornworts
Mosses

Living, non-vascular plants

Question 2

Hepatophyta
Anthocerophyta

Common names

Answer 2

Liverworts
Hornworts

Question 3

Why does thallose mean?

What groups of hepatophyta are thallose?

Answer 3

Gametophytes that are flattened dorsal-ventrally

Metzgeriales
Marchantiales

Question 4

What generation is dominant in bryophytes

Answer 4

Gametophyte!!
Sporophyte is small and short lived

Question 5

Order Jungermanniales
-characteristic appearance
-habitat

Answer 5

-Leafy liverworts
-2 lateral rows of leaves and underleaf reduced row (amphigastria) on gametophyte stem. Leaves and stems lack cuticles
-sub-tropical

Question 6

The leaves of Order Jungermanniales resemble those of mosses in that they consists of a single layer of _______. But differ because they lack a _______

Answer 6

Undifferentiated cells (unistratose)

Costa (midrib)

Question 7

Water absorption in Jungermanniales

Answer 7

Occurs directly through the cells of leaf surfaces, as both the stems and leaves lack cuticles.

The dense mat habit of leafy liverworts, couples with the overlapping of leaves and leaf lobes, provides an extensive surface over which water my pads by capillary action

Question 8

Plants of many taxa in the Jungermanniales are _______

Answer 8

Dioecious- male and female plants

Question 9

Antheridia and archegonia of Jungermanniales

Answer 9

Antheridia are borne singly in the axils of densely overlapping bract-like leaves on a specialized branch called the antheridial branch. Each antheridium is composed of a short stalk, an antheridial jacket of sterile, protective cells that surround the spermatocyte, also known as sperm mother cells, mitosis occurs within the Sperm mother cells and thus they produce biflagellate sperm.

Archegonia are produced on short, lateral branches of the female plants. The archegonial branches are scarecrow different from young vegetative branches until later in their development and are often difficult to recognize.

Question 10

How do sperm reach archegonia in Jungermanniales

Answer 10

Little is known. However, the fact that male and female plants often grow intermingled in mats: the continuous capillary spaces exist between the plants and the substratum, and that leaf surfaces overlap, suggests that a convenient avenues exists for the dispersal of the motile sperm.

Question 11

The leaves that surround each group of 8-10 archegonia develop into a ________ after fertilization has occurred

Order Jungermanniales

Answer 11

Perianth

Question 12

Order Jungermanniales

____ zygote usually develops into a sporophyte on each gametophyte shoot, even through the eggs of several archegonia may be fertilized.

Answer 12

1

Question 13

Order Jungermanniales

The sporophyte is differentiated into what sections

Answer 13

Capsule-where meiosis occurs to produce haploid spores
Seta - elongate to thrust capsule out of the Perianth
Foot-embedded in the enlarged tip of the gametophyte stem from which it derives nutrition

Question 14

What is found amongst the spores in order Jungermanniales

Answer 14

Elaters - hygroscopic threads

Question 15

Sporophytes develop from the embryo of a fertilized egg inside an ________

Answer 15

Archegonium

Question 16

The capsule is surrounded by the _______

Answer 16

Calyptra - covering over the sporophyte capsule that is derived from the expanded archegonial wall

Question 17

The capsule splits where in order Jungermanniales

Answer 17

Suture lines leading to spores being shed into the wind

Question 18

How do spores germinate in order Jungermanniales

Answer 18

Spores germinate by producing a protonema that resembles a filamentous green alga; however this will give rise to buds that become the new leafy gametophyte generation

Question 19

Thallose Liverworts
-habitat
-types

Answer 19

Non- leafy helatophyta
-moist, shaded stream banks
-Order Metzgeriales: simple thalli, Order Marchantiales: complex thallus

Question 20

What makes Order Metzgeriales unique from Order Marchantiales

Answer 20

They have no ventral scales or air chambers

Question 21

Order Metzgeriales
-branching
-appearance and reasoning

Answer 21

-dichotomous branching
-smaller, smoother and more translucent than Marchantiales
-smoother because of no air chambers and pores on the upper surface of the thalli.
-most cells contain chloroplast

Question 22

Order Marchantiales

Gametophytes of this order of liverworts are internally ___ into ______ called ______

Answer 22

Stratified into several layers of tissues called multistratose

-upper most layer are photosynthetic and are contained within air chambers which are open to the outside through small pores in upper surface
-lower layers of cells in the thallus are used for storage and usually do not contain chloroplasts.
-there are rhizines and multicellular scales on the under surface of the thallus

Question 23

Rhizoids and scales purpose

Answer 23

Anchor and store/ conduct water

Question 24

Order Marchantiales have gametangia that are restricted to specialized structures called ________

Answer 24

Gametophores

The male and female gametophytes can be easily identified by their gametophores, which are structurally quite distinct from one another.

Question 25

Differentiating male and female gametophores

Order Marchantiales

Answer 25

Antheridia are borne on disk-headed stalks called antheridiophores, whereas the archegonia are borne on umbrella-headed stalks called archegoniophores

Question 26

Order Marchantiales

Each sporophyte consists of a ______, _____ and ______

Answer 26

Foot
Seta (short stalk)
Capsule (sporangium)

Question 27

Order Marchantiales

Mature sporangia also contain ______

Answer 27

Elaters: elongate cells which have spirally arranged hygroscopic (moisture absorbing) wall thickenings that aid in spore dispersal after the capsule has dehisced.

Question 28

Asexual reproduction in liverworts

Answer 28

Fragmentation; however Gemmae are also common. Gemmae are small, multicellular, undifferentiated organs that give rise to new gametophyte plants.

Question 29

In Order Marchantiales, Gemmae are produced in special _______ structures called _______

Answer 29

Cup-like structures

Gemmae cups located on the dorsal surfaces of gametophytes

Question 30

Class Anthocerotopsida

Habitat

Answer 30

Shaded, habitats in sub-tropical and warm temperate regions

Question 31

Class Anthocerotopsida

Gametophytes superficially resemble those the the ______ liverworts

Answer 31

Thallos

Question 32

Class Anthocerotopsida
-Characteristics

Answer 32

-dorso-ventral orientation; are often rosette-like and are usually less than 2 cm.
-gametophytes have extensive internal cavities filled with mucilage, not with air. These cavities are often Inhabited by Cyanobacteria.
-antheridia and arching is are sunken into the dorsal surface of the gametophyte.

Question 33

What do Cyanobacteria do for Class Anthocerotopsida

Answer 33

Supply nitrogen to their host plants by the process of nitrogen fixation

Question 34

Are species in Class Anthocerotopsida unisexual or bisexual

Answer 34

Can be either

Question 35

Sporophytes of Class Anthocerotopsida

Answer 35

Numerous sporophytes may develop on the same gametophyte. Each sporophyte consists of a foot, a long sporangium. A meristem develops between the foot and the sporangium very early in development. The meristem is active as long as conditions are favourable for growth, as a result the sporophyte has several layer of photosynthetic cells and it’s surface is covered with an epidermis with stomata and a cuticle.

-Small tubular growth of the gametophyte called an involucre grows upwards around the base of the sporophyte

Question 36

How are spires released in Class Anthocerotopsida

Answer 36

Dehiscence of the sporangium begins at its tips and spreads toward its base as the spores mature. The dehiscence sporangium splits longitudinally into ribbon-like valves to release the spores