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Lab For AFM > Chlorophyta And Rhodophyta > Flashcards

Chlorophyta And Rhodophyta Flashcards

1
Q

Zygotes meiosis

A

Organisms are haploid

Zygote is the only diploid structure (short lived so not alternation of generations)

No alteration of generations

Dominant gametophye

Unicellular gametophyte

Fungi, some algae

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2
Q

Gametic meiosis

A

Zygotes continue to divide mitotically-> multicellular adult sporophyte

Delayed meiosis (no alteration of generations: only one multicellular generation)

Gametes are the only haploid cells

Most animals, green and brown algae

No gametophyte

Dominant multicellular sporophyte

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3
Q

Sporic meiosis (isomorphic)

A

Alteration of generations (two multicellular generations)

Same size in multicellular stages

Isomorphic alternation of generations (many algae)

One generation may be more dominant than other

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4
Q

Sporic meiosis (heterotrophic)

A

Alternation of generations

Many plants

One generation is clearly the dominant and larger generations and the other is of lesser importance or size

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5
Q

Two distinct events occur during fertilization

A

Plasmotomy: fusion of gamete Protoplast=single cell with two haploid nuclei

Karyogamy=fusion of two nuclei

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6
Q

In fungi, may persist with two haploid nuclei, without kayogamy

This is known as …..

A

Dikayotic

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7
Q

Phylum Chlorophyta is predominantly a _____ phylum (habitat)

A

Freshwater

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8
Q

Chlorophyta means

A

Green algae

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9
Q

Phylum Chlorophyta includes five morphological types with orders

A
  1. Motile, unicellular and colonial (Volvocales)
  2. Non-motile, unicellular and colonial (Chlorellales)
  3. Filamentous (Oedongoniales)
    4.Membranous (Ulvales)
    5.Siphonous (Caulerpales)
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10
Q

Class Chlorophyceae
Order Vilvocales

Characteristics
-motility
-lifestyle
-organelles

A

-only order with motile, vegetative cells
-either colonial or unicellular
-individual cells usually have 2 flagella
-flagella are apical and equal
-definite cell walls, eyespots, one or more pyrenoid bodies, and cup shaped chloroplasts

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11
Q

Class Chlorophyceae
Order Vilvocales

Reproduction

A

Unicellular membranes reproduce asexually by zoospores or binary fission

Colonial species are coenoboic and resource by daughter colony formation

Almost all species demonstrate isogamous sexual reproduction with the dominant generation being haploid

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12
Q

Volvocales and Ubiquitous are most often found where

A

Shallow, freshwater areas such as puddles, ditches and ponds

Particularly those with high organic content

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13
Q

Class Chlorophyceae
Order Volvocales

vacuoles

A

Do not have large central vacuoles, but have one or more osmoregulation contradict vacuoles

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14
Q

Chlamydomonas sp.

Taxonomy

A

Class Chlorophyceae
Order Volvocales

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15
Q

How do Chlamydomonas reproduce

A

Asexually by either cell division within the parent cell or the formation of zoospores

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16
Q

Sexual reproduction in Chlamydomonas is ________ (entire cell becomes a gamete)

A

Holocarpic

Two individuals of different strains of the same species fuse to form a non flagellate zygote (isogamous)

The zygote divided meiotically to form four haploid flagellated meiospores

The meiospres enlarge to the size of the vegetative adults

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17
Q

Pyrenoid

A

Center of starch formation inside chloroplast

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18
Q

Gonium sp
Taxonomy

A

Class Chlorophyceae
Order Volvocales

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19
Q

Gonium sp.

Lifestyle and reproduction

A

Individuals form flattened colonies of 4-32 cells

Individuals in their genus are coenboic: each colony has the same number of cells. Coordinated movement. Dead cells within a colony are not replaced. Reproduce by forming daughter colonies

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20
Q

Volvox sp
Taxonomy

A

Class Chlorophyceae
Order Volvocales

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21
Q

Volvox lifestyle and asexual reproduction

A

Form daughter colonies to reproduce asexually. Several cells in the parent colony differentiate into reproductive cells called gonidia. Gonidia divide and form miniatures of the parent colony within the hollow parental sphere. Daughter colonies are released through the rupture of the parent colony.

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22
Q

Volvox sexual reproduction

A

Gonidia either become eggs or Sperm packets aka reproduction is oogamous

The species may be monoecious or dioecious. The sperm packets are released and swim as units to receptive colonies. Following fertilization, the zygote develops a spiny outer wall. Finally, the zygote divides meiotically to produce a single motile zoospore. This cell swims for a short period then divided to form a small colony

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23
Q

How do volvox move

A

Coorinated movement of flagella in colonies

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24
Q

How many cells can be in a volvox colony

A

Around 50,000

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25
Q

Gonidia

A

Large, non motile cells that divide to produce miniature colonies (same number of cells as parent)

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26
Q

How many eggs and sperm packets per gonidium

A

1 egg

1 sperm packet = 64-128 gametes (half moons)

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27
Q

Spermatids packets swim as ____

A

Units

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28
Q

Class Chlorophyceae
Order Chlorellaes

Lifestyle
Reproduction
Organelles

A

Contains unicellular and colonial green algae. May be coenobic or irregular. Cells may be Uni or multi nucleate. Chloroplasts are well defined and appear as discs, cups or bands. Pyrenoid bodies are common.

Contain no motile vegetative cells

Asexual reproduction is by sporulation, fragmentation or daughter colony formation, but never by binary fission

Sexual reproduction is isogamous, an isogamous or oogamous

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29
Q

Anisogamy

A

Gametes flagellated, large and small

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30
Q

Oogamy

A

Large egg (sessile), small sperm (motile)

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31
Q

Chlorella sp
Taxonomy

A

Class Chlorophyceae
Order Chlorellaes

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32
Q

Chlorella sp

Habitat
Reproduction
Chloroplast specialization

A

Freshwater and marine

Asexually by forming 4,8 or 16 auto spores (non motile spore from cell wall of parent) within the original parent cell wall.

1 chloroplast per cell

Never sexual reproduction

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33
Q

Scenedesmus sp
Taxonomy

A

Class Chlorophyceae
Order Chlorellaes

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34
Q

Scenedesmus sp.
-lifestyle
-reproduction
-flagella

A

Colonial (groups of 4 cells)

Reproduce by daughter colony formation.

Miniatures of the parent colonies are formed within each of the parent colony cells. The cell walls rupture releasing daughter colonies.

No flagella, have spines

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35
Q

Pediastrum sp.
taxonomy

A

Class Chlorophyceae
Order Chlorellaes

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36
Q

Pediastrum sp.
-lifestyle
-habitat
-appearance

A

Coenobic species, common to freshwater, each consisting of individuals which exist as flats plates of cells. The outer cells of the plate and often some of the inner cells have one or two horn-like spines.

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37
Q

Pediastrum reproduction

A

Asexual: daughter colonies without parent cells in the colony. Cells first form zoospores. Zoospores align in approximate shape of the parent colony, lose their flagella and assume the shape of miniature parent cells. Then released from parent cells.

Sexual: Isogamous gametes

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38
Q

Class Chlorophyceae
Order Oedogoniales

-structure
-reproduction

A

-primarily simple filaments
-most reproductively advanced groups in phylum Chlorophyta
-asexual reproduction is through multiflagellate zoospores
-sexual reproduction is oogamous, between individuals of monoecious or dioecious species

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39
Q

Class Chlorophyceae
Order Oedogoniales

Cells

A

Vegetative cells are uni nuclear with a diffuse, reticulate chloroplast around a central vacuole.

40
Q

Oedogonium sp
Taxonomy

A

Class Chlorophyceae
Order Oedogoniales

41
Q

Oedogonium sp.
-appearance
-Make be female

A

Simple filaments which lack a definite chloroplast in each cell.

Unbranched, uniseriate filament, which is usually at Taft he’d by a modified holdfast cell but may become free floating in dense mats

Terminal cell of the filament is often marked with several rings

42
Q

Caps

A

Ring like scars from cell wall formation

Oedogonium sp

43
Q

Macrandrous

Nannandrous

A

Similar size of the male and female filaments

Large female with attached dwarf male filaments

44
Q

Oedogonium sp

Size and male vs female

A

Macrandrous and dioecious (male and female gametes produced by separate individuals) vs monoecious (gametes produced on same individuals

45
Q

Class Ulvophyceae

Habitat
Appearance
Reproduction

A

-predominantly marine
-filamentous and multinucleate or flat, single or double sheets of uninucleate cells.
-asexual reproduction by zoospores or Aplanospores
-sexual reproduction involves formation of ansiogametes but the zygotes frequently divide meiotically to procure a diploid individual that is similar to the haploid form in appearance.

46
Q

Ulvophytes are the only green algae to have _______

A

An alternation of generations

47
Q

Ulva sp.
taxonomy

A

Class Ulvophyceae
Order Ulvales

48
Q

Order Ulvales members have ______ thalli

A

Parenchymatous

49
Q

Ulva sp.
-habitat
-common name

A

Marine
Sea lettuce (large flat thalli

50
Q

Class Ulvophyceae
Order Ulotrichales

Habitat
Appearance

A

Benthic
Filamentous green algae
Simple, unbranched filaments with little to no cell differentiation.
Only the terminal cell will differentiate into a holdfast for attachment

Uninucleate and contain one or several discoid chloroplasts

51
Q

All cells in order Ulotrichales are capable of ________

A

Dividing to produce zoospores or isogametes

These motile cells are bi or quadri flagellate

52
Q

Ulothrix sp.
taxonomy

A

Class Ulvophyceae
Order Ulotrichales

53
Q

Ulothrix sp.
-habitat
-appearance
-chloroplast

A

Benthic in marine or freshwater

Single chain of 20-30 cells

Differentiated holdfast to attach to different forms of substrate.

Each cell has a horseshoe shaped chloroplast encircling a large central vacuole

54
Q

Class Ulvophyceae
Order Caulerpales

Appearance
Habitat

A

Siphonous=coenocytic (multi-nucelate) algae are Maine organisms

Single or multi-axial systems which have no cross wall except at reproductive structures

55
Q

Species of order Caulerpales

A

Bryopsis
Codium

56
Q

Class Ulvophyceae
Order Chladophorales

Clasophora sp.
-habitat
-appearance

A

Manitoba water or marine
Forms large blooms of dense algal mats

Filaments are composed of large, multi-nucelare, separate cells with numerous, small chloroplasts

57
Q

Class Charophyceae confusion of taxonomy

A

-vegetative structures resemble algae but gametangia are surrounded by protective covers of sterile cells. This is characteristic separates algae from plants.
-link to bryophtes (mosses) and vascular plants (ferns and seed plants) include presence of asymmetrical flagellated cells, similarities in mitosis and cytokinesis, presence of flavonoids and the precursors of the cuticle.

58
Q

Charophyceae appearance and habitat

A

Unicellular, filamentous and parenchymatous genera.

Freshwater, anchored by rhizoids in sandy or muddy substrates

59
Q

Class Charophyceae
Order Zygonematales

Spirogyra and Demids difference and similarity

A

Spirogyra- filamentous, spiral chloroplasts

Desmids-unicellular but constructed from two hemi-cells.

Placed in common order because they exhibit conjugation, a form of sexual reproduction

60
Q

Conjugation

A

Form of sexual reproduction
-cells align and form conjugation tubes between male and female gametes
-triggered by environmental stress (changes in pH, temperature or desiccation)

61
Q

Class Charophyceae
Order Charales (stonewarts and brittle warts)

Chara sp.
-habitat
-appearance

A

-Manitoba
-can grow up to 30cm tall and be mistaken for a vascular plant

62
Q

Chara sp.

-Main stem

A

Main stem is more than 1 cell wide. One long central cell that extends throughout the whole internodal region. This cell is surrounded by several pericentral cells that do not extend the entire internodal region. All of the growth originated from an apical cel at the end of the stem.

63
Q

Reproduction of Chara sp.

A

Primarily sexual (oogamous). Limited amount of fragmentation, particularly at the rhizoidal region. Sexual reproduction is oogamous and the plants may be monoecious or dioecious. Gametangia develop in the axis at the nodes.

64
Q

Chara sp. precipitate what around leaves and stems?

A

CaCO3

65
Q

Antheridium and Oogonium of Chara sp

A

Shield cells and antheridial filaments. Each antheridial filament produces a single sperm cell by mitosis.

Oogonium surrounded by strike cells but inside there is only one Single egg cell

66
Q

Fertilization of Chara sp. is _____

Germination occurs by

A

Internal and the zygote eventually germinated by producing a small filament out through a split in the outer cells

67
Q

Rhodophyta means

A

Red algae

68
Q

Rhodophyta belong to a group of algae that form the vast majority of the _____

A

Sea weeds

69
Q

Where do Rhodophyta live

A

Enormous geographical range, from tropical to arctic waters

Few live in freshwater

70
Q

Rhodophyta and reef building

A

Coralline algae: deposit CaCO3 in cell walls

Fossil record to Precambrian (1.5bya)

71
Q

Reproduction of red algae

A

-vegetative reproduction is rare
-alteration of 3 generations and the formation of different types of spores

72
Q

Characteristic feature of red algae

A

Passive, no /flagellated sperm cells (spermatia)

73
Q

Gametophyte generation of red algae and reproduction

A

Usually large monoecious plants. These produce carpogonia (female) and antheridia (male) gametangia on the same or on different branches. Carpogoniuk produce an egg and has an elongate terminal projection called a Trichogyne. The antheridium releases the spermatia into the water. These eventually float into contact with the trichogyne. A sleek nucleus penetrates the cell wall upon contact with the trichogyne and migrates to the egg nucleus. Fertilization results in a diploid zygote. The zygote divides and forms a diploid carposporophyte generation. The carposporophyte may be enclosed in a haploid outer covering called a pericarp or may be naked.

74
Q

The carposporophyte is a ________ generation, which remains attarched to the gametophyte

A

Diploid

75
Q

Through mitosis, the carposporophyte produces diploid _______ in ______

A

Carposporophyte
Carposporangia

76
Q

In Polysiphonia sp. the carposporophyte are released through a _____

A

Small hole in the end of the pericarp

77
Q

The production of carpospores increases the __________

A

Numbers of reproductive units in the life cycle

78
Q

Carpospores drift away and settle where?

A

Bottom where they germinate into the second diploid generation (tetrasporphyte generation)

79
Q

Tetrasporophyte

A

Resembles the free living gametophyte and produced tetrapsporangia

Clusters of four haploid tetraspores are produced by meiosis in each tetrasporangium. After their release, tetraspores germinate to form new gametophytes.

80
Q

Phylum Phodophyta
Order Bangiales

Porphyra sp.

Common name
Appearance

A

Nori
-membranous form, made up of a single layer of cells embedded in a thick layer of mucilaginous material.
-thalli appear as bright red “leaves” attached at the base of rocks.

81
Q

Phylum Phodophyta
Order Bangiales

Porphyra sp.

Reproduction

A

In sexual reproduction, the marginal cells become carpogonia by extending trichogynes

The inner section metamorphose into spermatangis

82
Q

Phylum Rhodophyta
Order Nemalionales

Batrachospermum sp.

-habitat
-dominant when?
-appearance

A

Freshwater red algae, colder spring-fed lakes and cooler running streams.

Dominant in haploid gametophyte

Filamentous

83
Q

Phylum Rhodophyta
Order Cermiales

Polysiphonia sp.

-appearance
-generations

A

-most advanced order of Rhodophyta
-appears as filiform, branched and bushy organisms, although some are membranous
-3 distinct generations
-distinct male and female gametophytes (dioecious)
-carposporophyte generation is surrounded by a haploid pericarp

84
Q

Most characteristic feature of Ceramiales

A

Passive, non-flagellated sperm cells (spermatia)

85
Q

In Polysiphonia sp.

The ______ produces the egg, and has an elongate terminal projection called the ______

A

Carpogonia

Trichogyne

86
Q

Polysiphonia sp.

Fertilization results in a _____

Zygote divides to form ____

Carposporophyte enclosed in a haploid outer covering called ______

A

Diploid zygote

Diploid “carposporophyte generation”

Pericarp/cystocarp

87
Q

Polysiphonia sp.

Carposporophyte remains attarched to the _______

Carposporophyte produced diploid _______

Carpospores are released through

A

Female gametophyte (haploid generation)

Carpospores bus mitosis in carposporangia

A small hole in the end of the cystocarp

88
Q

Carpospores drift, settle and germinate into the ______

Terrapsporiphyte produces _____ in ____

Tetrasporangia (n) float away to establish ______

A

Second generation (tetrasporophyte generation)

Terrasporangia in filaments

New male and female gametophytes

89
Q

Alternation of generations

A

Spends time as both diploid, multicellular, sporophyte and haploid, multicellular gametophyte

90
Q

In coenobic colonies, daughter colonies have what number of cells?

A

Same number as parent colony

91
Q

What is the function of increased surface area in algae?
-spines
-flat/ larger shape

A

Help to keep algae higher up in water column to allow for more light to create photosynthesis

92
Q

Monoecious

Dioecious

A

Oogonia is and antheridia on same filament

Oogonia and antheridia on different filaments

93
Q

Siphonous (coenocytic)

A

Long branch is the cell

Cell wall dissolved

94
Q

What colours can red algae appear?

A

Green or red

95
Q

What is the function of having a 3rd generation in Polysiphonia?

A

Since sperm are non motile, the fertilization that can occur is limited. Any fertilization that does happen is capitalized on. Reproduction of as many copies of the zygote, and as many carpospores as possible are made.

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