protists Flashcards
alveolates types
dinoflagellates
apicomplexans
ciliates
alveolate characteristics
unicellular
sacs below plasma membrane
most are photosynthetic
dinoflagellates
marine two flagella - equatorial groove (thrust and spin) and longitudinal groove (rudder) amoeboid forms primary producers of organic matter photosynthetic endosymbionts associated with toxic red tides
pfiesteria piscida
amoeboid form of dinoflagellate that has 12 forms
Apicomplexans
api-complex for host invasion
all parasites
examples of apicomplexan parasites
plasmodium - malaria
toxoplasma- toxoplasmosis
cryptosporidium - coccoidiosis
Ciliates
short flagella- hair like cilia = complex behaviour and feeding
complex cellular forms - contractile and digestive vacuoles
two types of nuclei
most are heterotrophic
heterotrophs
an organism that cannot fix carbon from inorganic sources (carbon dioxide) but uses organic carbon for growth.
examples of ciliates
paramecium
euplotes
didinium
heterokonts
stramenopiles
stramenopile types
diatoms
brown/golden algae
oomycetes
two flagella of unequal length
Larger flagella has tubular hairs
some are photosynthetic
some have lost flagella
stramenopiles
unicellular
carotenoids= golden brown colour
only male gametes have flagella
two-piece silica (silicon dioxide) cell walls
bilateral or radial symmetry
synthesise aquatic, phytoplankton “blooms”
diatoms
Golden or brown algae
phaeophyta
Golden or brown algae characteristics
marine multicellular sessile or planktonic forms giant kelps (macrocystsi) up to 60m fucoxanthin with chlorophylls a and c gives colour
macrocystsi spp.
golden/ brown algae
alginates
from golden or brown algae important in industry, cosmetics and ice cream
oomycota
saprobes and biotrophs
cellulose cell wall
saprolegnia spp.
fish disease caused by oomycetes
phytopththera
late potato blight by oomycetes
Saprobes
group of fungi that act as decomposers, feeding on dead and decaying wood, leaves, litter, and other organic matter. To digest this they secrete enzymes that break it down. This releases and recycles vital nutrients for other organisms, and helps dispose of organic waste
biotrophs
A plant-pathogenic fungi which establishes a long-term feeding relationship with the living cells of a host, without killing it as part of the infection process.
Rhizaria characteristics
long thin pseudopodia unicellular aquatic or soil contribute to geological formations shells made of calcium carbonate
Rhizaria types
cercozoans
foraminiferans
radiolarians
cercozoans
exclusively marine
green algal secondary endosymbionts
shell like structures made from organic materials and reinforced with calcium carbonate (coccolithophores)
Secondary endosymbiosis
Secondary endosymbiosis is when a living cell engulfs another eukaryote cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis.
white cliffs of dover
formed from fossilised foraminifera tests
Foraminiferans
planktonic or sessile
external spiral shells of calcium carbonate
branching pseudopods extend through shell structures to give sticky reticulate net
limestone
foraminiferans
radiolarians
marine heterotrophs silica shells thin stiff pseudopods reinforced by microtubules radial symmetry in all dimensions largest unicells
Excavates characteristics
ancient group just after emergence of eukaryotes
lack mitochondria
important pathogens
giardia
diplomonads causative agent of giardiasis
trichomonas
parabasilids pathogen
excavate types
diplomonads
parabasililids
heteroloboseans
euglenoids and kinetoplastids
diplomonads
unicellular
no mitochondria but have mitoses
two nuclei of equal size
multiple flagella
parabasilids
parabasal body
hydrogenosomes (anaerobic)
lack introns in genome
genome twice the size of human
paranasal body
a cytoplasmic body closely associated with the kinetoplast of certain flagellates.
kinetoplast
A kinetoplast is a network of circular DNA inside a large mitochondrion that contains many copies of the mitochondrial genome. The most common kinetoplast structure is a disk, but they have been observed in other arrangements.
heteroloboseans
amoeboid but unrelated to loosens (amoebazoa)
naegleria fowlerii
fatal water borne disease caused by heteroloboseans protist
Euglenoids
primary flagellate with unique crystalline rod (at tip)
rudimentary secondary flagellum
mitochondria have distinct disc shaped cristae
cell shape determined by spiralling strips of protein
some photosynthetic with photoreceptors
kinetoplastids
unicellular with to flagella
mitochondria contains kinetoplast
vector-borne pathogens
trypanosome brucei
sleeping sickness caused by kinetoplastids
leishmaniasis
caused by kinetoplastids
Ameobozoans characteristics
related to opisthokonts
pseudopods
pathogens
opisthokonts
The Opisthokonta is a large supergroup of eukaryotes including metazoans and fungi. In addition, the Opisthokonta also includes some flagellate (choanoflagellates), amoeboid (e.g. Nuclearia) and sporozoan (e.g. Ichthyosporea, Microsporidia) protists. The opisthokonts are phagotrophic or osmotrophic (saprobic, parasitic). Some membrs live symbiotically with land plants or algae (e.g. lichens, mycorrhizal fungi, corals).
entamoeba histolytica
pathogen from amoebazoa causing amoebic dystentery
types of amoebozoans
loboseans
plasmodial slime moulds
cellular slime moulds
Loboseans
naked or shells predators, parasites, scavengers heterotrophic free-living disease causing
amoeba proteus
free living loboseans
plasmodial slime moulds
division without cytokinesis- coenocytic cells mass cytoplasmic streaming for movement eats bacteria, yeast and decaying matter sclerotium (hardened mass) stalked or branched fruiting structures
physarum polycephalum
plasmodial slime mould
cellular slime mould
single celled haploid myxamoebae
under nutrient starvation can swarm to form slug
pseudo plasmodia are multicellular
produce stalk and sporangium
pyrocystis fusiformis
bioluminescent dinoflagellate
pyrocystis lunula
bioluminescent dinoflagellate
bioluminescence caused by
luciferase enzyme
what is luciferase
chlorophyll derived tetrapyrrole ring
red tides
brevetoxin A caused by dinoflagellates bind to voltage gated sodium channels and causes neurotoxicity and paralysis
karenia brevis
produces brevetoxin A
kneallhazia solenopsae
pathogenic intracellular microsporidium that infects ants
best protist predators
euglena spirogyra asterionella formosa amoeba proteus nitscha sp blepharisma sp
