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protists Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

alveolates types

A

dinoflagellates
apicomplexans
ciliates

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2
Q

alveolate characteristics

A

unicellular
sacs below plasma membrane
most are photosynthetic

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3
Q

dinoflagellates

A 
marine 
two flagella - equatorial groove (thrust and spin) and longitudinal groove (rudder) 
amoeboid forms 
primary producers of organic matter 
photosynthetic endosymbionts
associated with toxic red tides
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4
Q

pfiesteria piscida

A

amoeboid form of dinoflagellate that has 12 forms

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5
Q

Apicomplexans

A

api-complex for host invasion

all parasites

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6
Q

examples of apicomplexan parasites

A

plasmodium - malaria
toxoplasma- toxoplasmosis
cryptosporidium - coccoidiosis

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7
Q

Ciliates

A

short flagella- hair like cilia = complex behaviour and feeding
complex cellular forms - contractile and digestive vacuoles
two types of nuclei
most are heterotrophic

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8
Q

heterotrophs

A

an organism that cannot fix carbon from inorganic sources (carbon dioxide) but uses organic carbon for growth.

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9
Q

examples of ciliates

A

paramecium
euplotes
didinium

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10
Q

heterokonts

A

stramenopiles

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11
Q

stramenopile types

A

diatoms
brown/golden algae
oomycetes

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12
Q

two flagella of unequal length
Larger flagella has tubular hairs
some are photosynthetic
some have lost flagella

A

stramenopiles

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13
Q

unicellular
carotenoids= golden brown colour
only male gametes have flagella
two-piece silica (silicon dioxide) cell walls
bilateral or radial symmetry
synthesise aquatic, phytoplankton “blooms”

A

diatoms

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14
Q

Golden or brown algae

A

phaeophyta

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15
Q

Golden or brown algae characteristics

A 
marine
multicellular
sessile or planktonic forms
giant kelps (macrocystsi) up to 60m
fucoxanthin with chlorophylls a and c gives colour
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16
Q

macrocystsi spp.

A

golden/ brown algae

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17
Q

alginates

A

from golden or brown algae important in industry, cosmetics and ice cream

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18
Q

oomycota

A

saprobes and biotrophs

cellulose cell wall

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19
Q

saprolegnia spp.

A

fish disease caused by oomycetes

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20
Q

phytopththera

A

late potato blight by oomycetes

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21
Q

Saprobes

A

group of fungi that act as decomposers, feeding on dead and decaying wood, leaves, litter, and other organic matter. To digest this they secrete enzymes that break it down. This releases and recycles vital nutrients for other organisms, and helps dispose of organic waste

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22
Q

biotrophs

A

A plant-pathogenic fungi which establishes a long-term feeding relationship with the living cells of a host, without killing it as part of the infection process.

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23
Q

Rhizaria characteristics

A 
long thin pseudopodia
unicellular
aquatic or soil
contribute to geological formations
shells made of calcium carbonate
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24
Q

Rhizaria types

A

cercozoans
foraminiferans
radiolarians

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25
Q

cercozoans

A

exclusively marine
green algal secondary endosymbionts
shell like structures made from organic materials and reinforced with calcium carbonate (coccolithophores)

26
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis

A

Secondary endosymbiosis is when a living cell engulfs another eukaryote cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis.

27
Q

white cliffs of dover

A

formed from fossilised foraminifera tests

28
Q

Foraminiferans

A

planktonic or sessile
external spiral shells of calcium carbonate
branching pseudopods extend through shell structures to give sticky reticulate net

29
Q

limestone

A

foraminiferans

30
Q

radiolarians

A 
marine heterotrophs
silica shells
thin stiff pseudopods reinforced by microtubules
radial symmetry in all dimensions 
largest unicells
31
Q

Excavates characteristics

A

ancient group just after emergence of eukaryotes
lack mitochondria
important pathogens

32
Q

giardia

A

diplomonads causative agent of giardiasis

33
Q

trichomonas

A

parabasilids pathogen

34
Q

excavate types

A

diplomonads
parabasililids
heteroloboseans
euglenoids and kinetoplastids

35
Q

diplomonads

A

unicellular
no mitochondria but have mitoses
two nuclei of equal size
multiple flagella

36
Q

parabasilids

A

parabasal body
hydrogenosomes (anaerobic)
lack introns in genome
genome twice the size of human

37
Q

paranasal body

A

a cytoplasmic body closely associated with the kinetoplast of certain flagellates.

38
Q

kinetoplast

A

A kinetoplast is a network of circular DNA inside a large mitochondrion that contains many copies of the mitochondrial genome. The most common kinetoplast structure is a disk, but they have been observed in other arrangements.

39
Q

heteroloboseans

A

amoeboid but unrelated to loosens (amoebazoa)

40
Q

naegleria fowlerii

A

fatal water borne disease caused by heteroloboseans protist

41
Q

Euglenoids

A

primary flagellate with unique crystalline rod (at tip)
rudimentary secondary flagellum
mitochondria have distinct disc shaped cristae
cell shape determined by spiralling strips of protein
some photosynthetic with photoreceptors

42
Q

kinetoplastids

A

unicellular with to flagella
mitochondria contains kinetoplast
vector-borne pathogens

43
Q

trypanosome brucei

A

sleeping sickness caused by kinetoplastids

44
Q

leishmaniasis

A

caused by kinetoplastids

45
Q

Ameobozoans characteristics

A

related to opisthokonts
pseudopods
pathogens

46
Q

opisthokonts

A

The Opisthokonta is a large supergroup of eukaryotes including metazoans and fungi. In addition, the Opisthokonta also includes some flagellate (choanoflagellates), amoeboid (e.g. Nuclearia) and sporozoan (e.g. Ichthyosporea, Microsporidia) protists. The opisthokonts are phagotrophic or osmotrophic (saprobic, parasitic). Some membrs live symbiotically with land plants or algae (e.g. lichens, mycorrhizal fungi, corals).

47
Q

entamoeba histolytica

A

pathogen from amoebazoa causing amoebic dystentery

48
Q

types of amoebozoans

A

loboseans
plasmodial slime moulds
cellular slime moulds

49
Q

Loboseans

A 
naked or shells
predators, parasites, scavengers
heterotrophic 
free-living 
disease causing
50
Q

amoeba proteus

A

free living loboseans

51
Q

plasmodial slime moulds

A 
division without cytokinesis- coenocytic cells
mass cytoplasmic streaming for movement 
eats bacteria, yeast and decaying matter
sclerotium (hardened mass)
stalked or branched fruiting structures
52
Q

physarum polycephalum

A

plasmodial slime mould

53
Q

cellular slime mould

A

single celled haploid myxamoebae
under nutrient starvation can swarm to form slug
pseudo plasmodia are multicellular
produce stalk and sporangium

54
Q

pyrocystis fusiformis

A

bioluminescent dinoflagellate

55
Q

pyrocystis lunula

A

bioluminescent dinoflagellate

56
Q

bioluminescence caused by

A

luciferase enzyme

57
Q

what is luciferase

A

chlorophyll derived tetrapyrrole ring

58
Q

red tides

A

brevetoxin A caused by dinoflagellates bind to voltage gated sodium channels and causes neurotoxicity and paralysis

59
Q

karenia brevis

A

produces brevetoxin A

60
Q

kneallhazia solenopsae

A

pathogenic intracellular microsporidium that infects ants

61
Q

best protist predators

A 
euglena spirogyra 
asterionella formosa 
amoeba proteus 
nitscha sp
blepharisma sp

Microbiology (10 decks)

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