Lecture 2- taxonomy

Question 1

Linnaean Classification

Answer 1

Morphological similarity (No assumptions on relatedness are made)

Question 2

Phylogeny

Answer 2

Study of the evolutionary history of both living and extinct organisms

Question 3

Homologs

Answer 3

a gene related to a second gene by descent

Question 4

Orthologs

Answer 4

genes in a different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation but kept original function

Question 5

Paralogs

Answer 5

Genes related by duplication within a genome and evolved new functions

Question 6

monophyletic group

Answer 6

a group of organisms that consists of a species, including the most common recent ancestor and all it’s descendants

Question 7

Convergent evolution

Answer 7

species of different ancestors begin to share analogous structures because of a shared environment or other selection pressure

Question 8

Parallel

Answer 8

two species evolve independently of each other maintaining the same level of similarity. Unrelated species in different habitats or niches

Question 9

Black smoker

Answer 9

no little ponds, over 350 degrees, ATP degraded at 150 degrees

Question 10

White smoker

Answer 10

much colder than black smokers, 40-90 degrees
methane and hydrogen rich, alkaline and trace metals
biogenic hydrocarbon production

Question 11

Cladistics

Answer 11

phylogenetic methods that group organisms by their evolutionary relationships not by their phenotypic similarities

Question 12

paraphyletic group

Answer 12

a group including the most common recent ancestor but does not include all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor.

Question 13

polyphyletic group

Answer 13

a group that excludes the most common recent ancestor of all included organisms because it lacks the characteristics of the group.

Question 14

secondary loss

Answer 14

reversion to ancestral condition