Protists

Question 0

Which species of Cyclospora is found in humans

What clinical signs are associated

Answer 0

C. cayetanensis

Diarrhea in people in South America

Question 1

In what animal and organ is Klossiella normally found

Answer 1

In the kidneys of horses and mice, usually nonpathogenic

Question 2

What are some hosts of Cyclospora

Answer 2

Snakes, primates, rodents, insectivores (and moles)

Question 3

How is Cyclospora usually transmitted to people?

Answer 3

Ingest contaminated water or produce (raspberries!!!)

Question 4

Define some terms relative to the life cycle of Protista.
Zoite 
Sporozoite
Tropozoite
Schizigomy
Gametogeny
Zygote

Answer 4

Zoite - motile form
Sporozoite - haploid stage
Zygote - diploid stage
Tropozoite - stage once the protist has entered a cell
Schizogony - split asexually (schizizoites are daughter cells of this split)
Gametogeny - sexual reproduction

Question 5

For Cystoisospora, what stage does the life cycle arrest at

Answer 5

Arrested sporozoite stage

Question 6

Characterize the oocyst of Cystoisospora

Answer 6

No polar cap

2 sporocysts each with 4 sporozoites in them

Question 7

What is the prevalence of Cystoisospora in regards to age ranges

Answer 7

More prevalent diseases in young animals

Question 8

What part of the animal do Sarcosysts live in?

Answer 8

Muscle

Question 9

What are key features of the Sarcocystis life cycle

Answer 9

Requires a vertebrate intermediate host where schizonts develop in the endothelial cells, then sporulated sporocysts form oocysts that are seen in the muscles
Carnivorous final host where gametogony only occurs in the intestinal cells

Question 10

Why is EPM only seen in the Americas

Answer 10

The intermediate host is the the opossum… Only 4 species, in Americas
Sheds sporocysts into environment

Question 11

What is EPM and what organism causes it?

Answer 11

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

Sarcocystis neurona

Question 12

What is one characteristic of EPM infection?

Answer 12

Formation of schizonts in dividing cells in equine (neural) tissues
Cats, skunks, & 9 banded armadillos can have muscle stages

Question 13

What role do cattle serve in the Besnoitia besnoiti life cycle

Answer 13

Intermediate hosts

Question 14

What is the final host of most Besnoitia species of veterinary significance

Answer 14

Cats

Question 15

What are the intermediate hosts of 2 species of Besnoitia besides B. Besnoiti

Answer 15

B. Darlingi - opossums in US
B. Wallacei - rodents in US

Other B. Species affect donkeys, mainly miniature donkeys

Question 16

What does a facultative heteroxenous life cycle refer to?

Ex. Of one organism that has this type of life cycle.

Answer 16

Can utilize paratenic hosts… Can be completed in a single host or can utilize other hosts for completion of the life cycle

Toxoplasma

Question 17

In what animal was Toxoplasma gondii first found

Answer 17

A gundi, a small rodent in North Africa

Question 18

Which life stage of people are most severely affected by Toxoplasma and which life stage of the agent is responsible for disease?

Answer 18

Newborn infants infected in utero

Tachyzoite

Question 19

What form of Toxoplasma gondii is shed in cat feces

Answer 19

Oocysts

Question 20

How are people infected with Toxoplasma gondii

Answer 20

Ingest raw/undercooked meat (visceral infection with small cysts in paratenic hosts; with the general exception of beef) or oocysts from contaminated soil or vegetables (enteric infection in cats, shed in feces).

Question 21

What are the 4 forms that toxoplasma gondii appears as in human hosts

Answer 21

1. Chronic infxn with bradyzoites
2. Acute disease with multiplying tachyzoites following first exposure
3. Infection of infants in utero
4. Recrudescence by reactivation of Brady into tachyzoites

Question 22

What needs to happen for recrudescence of an existing infection to occur?

Answer 22

Immunosupression

Question 23

When is a fetus in danger of being infected with toxoplasma

Answer 23

When the mother is infected for the very first time while pregnant

Question 24

Why are signs worse when the fetus is infected during the first trimester

Answer 24

More cells are rapidly dividing

Question 25

What species of Protista is normally associated with posterior flaccid paralysis in puppies

Answer 25

Neospora caninum

Question 26

How are most puppies with Neospora caninum derived paralysis infected

Answer 26

Transplacentally

Question 27

What other species are affected by Neospora caninum, and how

Answer 27

Cow, causes abortions. Usually no repeat abortions.

Question 28

What are vectors of hepatozoon of different species

Answer 28

Hepatozoon canis and Hepatozoon americanum in dogs transmitted by tick... Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Amblyomma maculatum respectively Species in rodents vectored by mites Species in reptiles vectored by mosquitoes

Question 29

Describe the life cycle of Hepatozoon americanum in reference to its hosts

Answer 29

Ingested by tick as gamonts in blood, sexual replication in tick gut makes oocysts in body cavity of tick, Dog eats tick or paratenic host (infected rabbit) Schizonts occur in various tissues and gamonts in white blood cells

Question 30

What clinical signs are associated with Hepatozoon infection in dogs How is it treated

Answer 30

Arthritis pain Relapses are expected No real Tx, control with quinolone anticoccidial agent

Question 31

What is the only vertebrate host cell affected by Babesia

Answer 31

Red blood cells

Question 32

What species causes bovine piroplasmosis

Answer 32

Babesia bigemina, often gather in pairs to destroy RBCs

Question 33

How is Babesia bigemina transmitted

Answer 33

Rhipicephalus ssp.

Question 34

How is Babesia transmitted from tick to tick

Answer 34

Vertically, sporozoites multiply in the tick ovary infecting larva that hatch from her eggs

Question 35

What is the vector of Babesia divergans and why is it important

Answer 35

Ixodes ricinus - it is a 3 host tick and the parasite is transmitted to all three stages. Humans can be affected *zoonotic*

Question 36

What species of Babesia affect dogs and what are their intermediate hosts What are signs associated with disease

Answer 36

Babesia canis and Babesia gibsoni Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. bispinosa Hematuria and jaundice

Question 37

How is Theileria is different from Babesia in infection of cells

Answer 37

Theileria infects lymphocyte and schizonts in lymphocytes induce them to undergo proliferation and division

Question 38

How is Theileria transmitted and what is the associated disease

Answer 38

Via tick bite | East coast fever in cattle (enlarged lymph nodes) and deer - affects erythrocytes, lymphocytes and endothelial cells

Question 39

What agent and vector are associated with equine piroplasmosis

Answer 39

Theileria equi | Amblyomma cajennense

Question 40

What do people infected by Babesia and Theileria often have in common

Answer 40

Been splenectomized

Question 41

How does Cytauxzoon differ from Theileria?

Answer 41

Schizonts in vertebrates occur in macrophages instead of lymphocytes

Question 42

How does Cytauxzoon kill cats

Answer 42

Turn blood into macrophage jelly, occlude the lumen, no room for RBCs in lungs spleen and LNs

Question 43

What is the natural host of Cytauxzoon felis

Answer 43

Bobcat, Lynx rufus

Question 44

What is the vector of Cytauxzoon felis to cats

Answer 44

Amblyomma americanum

Question 45

What is the best way to prevent a cat's infection with Cytauxzoon

Answer 45

Seresto collar

Question 46

What is the causative agent of malaria

Answer 46

Plasmodium

Question 47

What species can be affected with malaria

Answer 47

All primates, birds, rodents, and reptiles (mainly lizards)

Question 48

Brief overview of life history of plasmodium

Answer 48

Sporozoites injected into host during mosquito feeding Enter hepatocytes and become trophozoites, then undergo schizogony, cell lysis merozoites enter RBCs and undergo second round of schizogony. Cycle continues with RBCs Eventually merozoites develop into gametocytes and are ingested by mosquito. Within mosquito they mature and develop fertilized zygotes.

Question 49

How does the life cycle of plasmodium manifest as clinical signs

Answer 49

Cycles of schizogony manifest of cycles chills (schizogony within cells) and fever (cells rupture and release merozoites)

Question 50

Haemoproteus are parasites of what animals | Associated disease?

Answer 50

Birds, turtles and lizards | Considered nonpathogenic

Question 51

What are vectors of Haemoproteus

Answer 51

Culicoides, hippoboscidae, chrysops - ingest erythrocytes containing gametocytes

Question 52

What are Leucocytozoon parasites of

Answer 52

Domestic and wild birds

Question 53

What are vectors of Leucocytozoon

Answer 53

Black flies (simulium)

Question 54

Which species develops megaloschizonts in the liver of chickens

Answer 54

Leucocytozoon caulleryi

Question 55

Which species are parasitized by Hepatocystis?

Answer 55

Lower monkey, fruit bat and old world squirrels

Question 56

Give examples of photosynthetic Stramenopiles

Answer 56

Brown seaweed, diatoms

Question 57

Give an example of non photosynthetic Stramenopiles

Answer 57

Opalinids - small group of amphibian parasites | Saprolegniales - water molds

Question 58

What is the common name for Saprolegniales

Answer 58

Water molds

Question 59

How do water molds get their energy

Answer 59

Saprophytic - feed on dead things | Weakly parasitic

Question 60

How do water molds reproduce

Answer 60

Asexual - sporangia (structures containing spores) release zoospores (motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion) Sexual - gametangial contact

Question 61

Name one disease caused by water molds bad the animals severely affected

Answer 61

Pythiosis | Dogs and horses

Question 62

What are the three parts of brown algae

Answer 62

Root-like holdfast, stem-like stipe, and a leaf-like blade

Question 63

What is the host of Blastocystis hominis

Answer 63

Humans and a wide range of animals (birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and arthropods)

Question 64

Does water treatment kill 100% of Blastocystis?

Answer 64

No, Blastocystis populations remain high in sewage

Question 65

What type of organisms make up the classification of Excavates

Answer 65

Amoebas

Question 66

What is the cause of primary amebic meningoencephalitis

Answer 66

Naegleria fowleri

Question 67

How is Entamoeba histolytica transmitted

Answer 67

Human to human via feces

Question 68

What is a diagnostic histological legion of Entamoeba histolytica

Answer 68

Upside-down champagne glass shaped lesions in intestinal mucosa

Question 69

What is unique about Entamoeba histolytica

Answer 69

They (only amoebas to) eat red blood cells

Question 70

What is nonpathogenic amoeba that is morphologically indistinguishable from Entamoeba histolytica

Answer 70

Entamoeba dispar

Question 71

How does Acanthamoeba typically infect people

Answer 71

Dirty contact lenses, causing eye disease (keratitis)

Question 72

How is Acanthamoebic keratitis often misdiagnoses

Answer 72

As herpes simplex virus infection

Question 73

What is disease progression to Acanthamoebic encephalitis

Answer 73

Inefection in skin, hematogenous spread to the brain of immunosuppressed individuals

Question 74

What is another organism besides Acanthamoeba that can cause granulomatous amebic encephalitis

Answer 74

Balamuthia, also usually involves skin lesions and associated with a finger stick.