Protists Flashcards

(75 cards)

0
Q

Which species of Cyclospora is found in humans

What clinical signs are associated

A

C. cayetanensis

Diarrhea in people in South America

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1
Q

In what animal and organ is Klossiella normally found

A

In the kidneys of horses and mice, usually nonpathogenic

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2
Q

What are some hosts of Cyclospora

A

Snakes, primates, rodents, insectivores (and moles)

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3
Q

How is Cyclospora usually transmitted to people?

A

Ingest contaminated water or produce (raspberries!!!)

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4
Q
Define some terms relative to the life cycle of Protista.
Zoite 
Sporozoite
Tropozoite
Schizigomy
Gametogeny
Zygote
A

Zoite - motile form
Sporozoite - haploid stage
Zygote - diploid stage
Tropozoite - stage once the protist has entered a cell
Schizogony - split asexually (schizizoites are daughter cells of this split)
Gametogeny - sexual reproduction

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5
Q

For Cystoisospora, what stage does the life cycle arrest at

A

Arrested sporozoite stage

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6
Q

Characterize the oocyst of Cystoisospora

A

No polar cap

2 sporocysts each with 4 sporozoites in them

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7
Q

What is the prevalence of Cystoisospora in regards to age ranges

A

More prevalent diseases in young animals

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8
Q

What part of the animal do Sarcosysts live in?

A

Muscle

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9
Q

What are key features of the Sarcocystis life cycle

A

Requires a vertebrate intermediate host where schizonts develop in the endothelial cells, then sporulated sporocysts form oocysts that are seen in the muscles
Carnivorous final host where gametogony only occurs in the intestinal cells

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10
Q

Why is EPM only seen in the Americas

A

The intermediate host is the the opossum… Only 4 species, in Americas
Sheds sporocysts into environment

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11
Q

What is EPM and what organism causes it?

A

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

Sarcocystis neurona

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12
Q

What is one characteristic of EPM infection?

A

Formation of schizonts in dividing cells in equine (neural) tissues
Cats, skunks, & 9 banded armadillos can have muscle stages

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13
Q

What role do cattle serve in the Besnoitia besnoiti life cycle

A

Intermediate hosts

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14
Q

What is the final host of most Besnoitia species of veterinary significance

A

Cats

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15
Q

What are the intermediate hosts of 2 species of Besnoitia besides B. Besnoiti

A

B. Darlingi - opossums in US
B. Wallacei - rodents in US

Other B. Species affect donkeys, mainly miniature donkeys

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16
Q

What does a facultative heteroxenous life cycle refer to?

Ex. Of one organism that has this type of life cycle.

A

Can utilize paratenic hosts… Can be completed in a single host or can utilize other hosts for completion of the life cycle

Toxoplasma

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17
Q

In what animal was Toxoplasma gondii first found

A

A gundi, a small rodent in North Africa

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18
Q

Which life stage of people are most severely affected by Toxoplasma and which life stage of the agent is responsible for disease?

A

Newborn infants infected in utero

Tachyzoite

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19
Q

What form of Toxoplasma gondii is shed in cat feces

A

Oocysts

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20
Q

How are people infected with Toxoplasma gondii

A

Ingest raw/undercooked meat (visceral infection with small cysts in paratenic hosts; with the general exception of beef) or oocysts from contaminated soil or vegetables (enteric infection in cats, shed in feces).

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21
Q

What are the 4 forms that toxoplasma gondii appears as in human hosts

A
  1. Chronic infxn with bradyzoites
  2. Acute disease with multiplying tachyzoites following first exposure
  3. Infection of infants in utero
  4. Recrudescence by reactivation of Brady into tachyzoites
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22
Q

What needs to happen for recrudescence of an existing infection to occur?

A

Immunosupression

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23
Q

When is a fetus in danger of being infected with toxoplasma

A

When the mother is infected for the very first time while pregnant

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24
Why are signs worse when the fetus is infected during the first trimester
More cells are rapidly dividing
25
What species of Protista is normally associated with posterior flaccid paralysis in puppies
Neospora caninum
26
How are most puppies with Neospora caninum derived paralysis infected
Transplacentally
27
What other species are affected by Neospora caninum, and how
Cow, causes abortions. Usually no repeat abortions.
28
What are vectors of hepatozoon of different species
Hepatozoon canis and Hepatozoon americanum in dogs transmitted by tick... Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Amblyomma maculatum respectively Species in rodents vectored by mites Species in reptiles vectored by mosquitoes
29
Describe the life cycle of Hepatozoon americanum in reference to its hosts
Ingested by tick as gamonts in blood, sexual replication in tick gut makes oocysts in body cavity of tick, Dog eats tick or paratenic host (infected rabbit) Schizonts occur in various tissues and gamonts in white blood cells
30
What clinical signs are associated with Hepatozoon infection in dogs How is it treated
Arthritis pain Relapses are expected No real Tx, control with quinolone anticoccidial agent
31
What is the only vertebrate host cell affected by Babesia
Red blood cells
32
What species causes bovine piroplasmosis
Babesia bigemina, often gather in pairs to destroy RBCs
33
How is Babesia bigemina transmitted
Rhipicephalus ssp.
34
How is Babesia transmitted from tick to tick
Vertically, sporozoites multiply in the tick ovary infecting larva that hatch from her eggs
35
What is the vector of Babesia divergans and why is it important
Ixodes ricinus - it is a 3 host tick and the parasite is transmitted to all three stages. Humans can be affected *zoonotic*
36
What species of Babesia affect dogs and what are their intermediate hosts What are signs associated with disease
Babesia canis and Babesia gibsoni Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. bispinosa Hematuria and jaundice
37
How is Theileria is different from Babesia in infection of cells
Theileria infects lymphocyte and schizonts in lymphocytes induce them to undergo proliferation and division
38
How is Theileria transmitted and what is the associated disease
Via tick bite | East coast fever in cattle (enlarged lymph nodes) and deer - affects erythrocytes, lymphocytes and endothelial cells
39
What agent and vector are associated with equine piroplasmosis
Theileria equi | Amblyomma cajennense
40
What do people infected by Babesia and Theileria often have in common
Been splenectomized
41
How does Cytauxzoon differ from Theileria?
Schizonts in vertebrates occur in macrophages instead of lymphocytes
42
How does Cytauxzoon kill cats
Turn blood into macrophage jelly, occlude the lumen, no room for RBCs in lungs spleen and LNs
43
What is the natural host of Cytauxzoon felis
Bobcat, Lynx rufus
44
What is the vector of Cytauxzoon felis to cats
Amblyomma americanum
45
What is the best way to prevent a cat's infection with Cytauxzoon
Seresto collar
46
What is the causative agent of malaria
Plasmodium
47
What species can be affected with malaria
All primates, birds, rodents, and reptiles (mainly lizards)
48
Brief overview of life history of plasmodium
Sporozoites injected into host during mosquito feeding Enter hepatocytes and become trophozoites, then undergo schizogony, cell lysis merozoites enter RBCs and undergo second round of schizogony. Cycle continues with RBCs Eventually merozoites develop into gametocytes and are ingested by mosquito. Within mosquito they mature and develop fertilized zygotes.
49
How does the life cycle of plasmodium manifest as clinical signs
Cycles of schizogony manifest of cycles chills (schizogony within cells) and fever (cells rupture and release merozoites)
50
Haemoproteus are parasites of what animals | Associated disease?
Birds, turtles and lizards | Considered nonpathogenic
51
What are vectors of Haemoproteus
Culicoides, hippoboscidae, chrysops - ingest erythrocytes containing gametocytes
52
What are Leucocytozoon parasites of
Domestic and wild birds
53
What are vectors of Leucocytozoon
Black flies (simulium)
54
Which species develops megaloschizonts in the liver of chickens
Leucocytozoon caulleryi
55
Which species are parasitized by Hepatocystis?
Lower monkey, fruit bat and old world squirrels
56
Give examples of photosynthetic Stramenopiles
Brown seaweed, diatoms
57
Give an example of non photosynthetic Stramenopiles
Opalinids - small group of amphibian parasites | Saprolegniales - water molds
58
What is the common name for Saprolegniales
Water molds
59
How do water molds get their energy
Saprophytic - feed on dead things | Weakly parasitic
60
How do water molds reproduce
Asexual - sporangia (structures containing spores) release zoospores (motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion) Sexual - gametangial contact
61
Name one disease caused by water molds bad the animals severely affected
Pythiosis | Dogs and horses
62
What are the three parts of brown algae
Root-like holdfast, stem-like stipe, and a leaf-like blade
63
What is the host of Blastocystis hominis
Humans and a wide range of animals (birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and arthropods)
64
Does water treatment kill 100% of Blastocystis?
No, Blastocystis populations remain high in sewage
65
What type of organisms make up the classification of Excavates
Amoebas
66
What is the cause of primary amebic meningoencephalitis
Naegleria fowleri
67
How is Entamoeba histolytica transmitted
Human to human via feces
68
What is a diagnostic histological legion of Entamoeba histolytica
Upside-down champagne glass shaped lesions in intestinal mucosa
69
What is unique about Entamoeba histolytica
They (only amoebas to) eat red blood cells
70
What is nonpathogenic amoeba that is morphologically indistinguishable from Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba dispar
71
How does Acanthamoeba typically infect people
Dirty contact lenses, causing eye disease (keratitis)
72
How is Acanthamoebic keratitis often misdiagnoses
As herpes simplex virus infection
73
What is disease progression to Acanthamoebic encephalitis
Inefection in skin, hematogenous spread to the brain of immunosuppressed individuals
74
What is another organism besides Acanthamoeba that can cause granulomatous amebic encephalitis
Balamuthia, also usually involves skin lesions and associated with a finger stick.