Crustacea and Insects Part I Flashcards
Common name for the pentastomid group found in mammals, and where they are found in their host
Tongueworm
Resp. Tract
Name two classes of Crustacea
Pentastomid
Copepod
Defining features of pentastomids
Mouth surrounded by 4 hooks
What are the preferred hosts of most genera of the pentastomid class?
What are the exceptions
Respiratory tract of reptiles
Reighardia sternae in lungs of aquatic birds
Linguatula serrata in nasal sinuses of mammals
Which pentastomids require an intermediate host?
All except Reighardia (birds affected via direct transmission)
Intermediate host in all cases are vertebrates, except one
Differentiate between male and female pentastomatids by size.
Males are much smaller than females
Pentastomid life stage when infecting its final host?
Mode of transmission
Larvae
Ingestion of intermediate host
How many larvae does each pentastomatid egg hold?
4-5
What are the hosts of Raillietiella frenatus
Final host, lizard (gecko)
Intermediate host, cockroach (ingested by geckos)
Which pentastomids are found in snake lungs
Kirricephalus/Porocephalus
What is the the pentastomid that affects both large snakes and rodents?
Armillifer
3 parts of an insect thorax
Prothorax
Mesothorax
Metathorax
How many wings do insects have and where do they attach
2 wings attach at mesothorax
4 wings attach at mesothorax and metathorax
Or no wings
What is molting and why does it occur (insects).
Casting off the chitinous cuticle to allow growth and metamorphosis
How is the exoskeleton adapted to allow for movement
Heavily chitinized areas (plates) are connected by thinner much thinner sections of chitin
What type of muscle do insects have
Striated muscle
What is another term for molting
Ecdysis
Define simple metamorphosis
When all instars (life stages separated by molting events) resemble the adult
What are the instars of an animal that undergoes Complex metamorphosis, describe each
Larva (worm-like juvenile)
Pupa (juvenile inside the pupal case undergoing complete reconstruction into the adult form)
Adult (stage that has eclosed from the pupal case)
What is the common name for the order Trichoptera and how many wings do they have
Caddisfly
4 wings
What is the environment/habitat of the Trichoptera larva
Aquatic in fresh water
What is the importance of the caddisfly
Serve as intermediate host for the trematode Vector of Neorickettsia risticii - causes Potomac horse fever (when mature caddisfly is ingested by horse) and Chasta River disease
What is the final host of the trematode which carries Neorickettsia risticii
Bat
What does Diptera mean
2 wings
Name an important group of insects in the order Diptera
Biting flies
What are distinguishing features of the wings of Diptera
Second set of wings replaced by halteres (lollipops as Dr. Bowman likes to say) with the main function of maintaining balance
What are the suborders of Diptera (with literal translation) and give an example of each
Nematocera (thread horns - meaning long antennae) ex. Mosquito and blackflies
Brachycera (short horns - meaning short antennae) ex. Horseflies and deer flies
Cyclorrhapha (round holes) ex. House fly, tse tse, and bots
What type of metamorphosis do insects of the order Diptera undergo
Complete metamorphosis
Which Dipterids require a blood meal
Generally only female Nematocera and Brachycera
Both male and female Cyclorrhapha
Where do Dipterids tend to undergo development
Nematocera and Brachycera - aquatic environments (except phlebotamine sandflies)
Cyclorrhapha - soil, decaying material or flesh
What family do Mosquitos belong to
Culicidae
What are some important organisms for which Mosquitos serve as vectors
Fileriid worms: Dirofileria immitis - canine heartworm and Wuchereria bancrofti - cause of human lymphatic filariasis
Plasmodium - cause of malaria in birds, rodents and primates
Viral encephalitides: West Nile Virus, viruses of fowl pox and yellow, dengue and Rift Valley fevers
What genus of mosquito is important in spreading human malaria
Anopheles
Describe the feeding method of mosquitos
Insert proboscis thought the skin and into a small blood vessel. Part of the proboscis introduces saliva into the host to prevent blood clotting. Another part allow the blood to be sucked up into the mosquito.
Where does mosquito larval development occur
In water, preferably still or protected water
What are differences in egg laying of the two main groups of mosquitos
Anopheles: eggs laid singly on water with floats on either side
Culicine: laid in groups forming a floating raft on water, or in tree holes or flood plains where eggs can hatch once the water level rises
Describe larval development of mosquitos (feeding, # of instars)
Filter feeders
4 larval instars
Describe the mosquito pupa
Comma shaped with 2 breathing tubes on each side of the thorax
What family do blackflies belong to
Simulidae
Describe the blackfly larva and the env. in which they develop.
Have gills, live in fast flowing water
How does the female blackfly feed
She is a pool feeder, rasping a small hole in the hosts’ flesh and feeding on the tissue juices and blood (does not feed directly from vessel)
Scientific name (genus) for biting midges
Culicoides (also called no-see-ums)
What suborder of Diptera do culicoides belong to
Nematocera
What is one way to control biting midges
Use a fan (they only come out when there is no wind)
How do biting midges feed
Pool feeders, like blackflies
How are larvae of phlebotamine sandflies different from other Nematocera larvae
Have terrestrial development i.e. rodent tunnels, termite mounds
What is the medical importance of phlebotamine sandflies
Leishmaniasis transmitted by their bite
What families/groups do Culicoides and phlebotamine sandflies belong to
Ceratopogonidae
Psychodidae
What genus do deer flies belong to and when are they most often encountered
Chrysops
Daytime summers
What genus do most horse flies belong to
Tabanus
Why do only females require a blood meal for Brachycera
Required for egg development
Genus and species of house fly
Musca domestica
How does house fly eat
Externally digests food then sucks it up
Significance of Empusa muscae
Transmit fungal disease - fly lands, spores come out and stick to surface
Genus and species of the face fly
Musca autumnalis
Medical importance of Musca autumnalis
Feeds on eye and nasal discharge of horses and cattle serving as mechanical vector of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis organisms (pink eye) and biological vectors of Thelazia (eye worms)
Genus and species of Australian bush fly
How does it differ from face fly
Musca vetustissima
Likes face of humans in addition to livestock
Genus and species of stable fly
Stomoxys calcitrans
Where do stable flies lay their eggs
Decaying vegetation (often damp with urine) and animal feces
Which sex of stable fly feed on blood meals
Where on the host do they prefer to feed
How often
Both sexes
On legs
1-2 times a day
Veterinary importance of stable fly
Biological vector of a nematode parasite of the horse stomach (H. microstoma)
Genus and species of the horn fly
Haematobia irritans
Where can Haematobia be found (on their host)
On the backs of cattle (on their belly of its raining or extremely sunny)
How often do horn flies feed
30-40 x a day
What do horn flies serve as vectors for
Stefanofilaria a nematode parasite of cattle and agent of stephanofilariasis - dermatitis on mid ventral region of abdomen
What is the genus of the Tse tse
Glossina
Where are Tse tse flies found
Only in Africa - fly belt south of the Sahara and north of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe
Disease associated with the Tse tse
Trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness)
Details of feeding in Tse tse flies
Males and females take blood meals
Fees every 3-5 days
Distinguishing features of the tse tse
Has a bayonet
Has meat cleaver veination on wings
What is distinct about Glossina reproduction
Does not lay eggs
Egg hatches internally and female gives birth to a 3rd stage larva that is ready to burrow in the soil to pupate
How do you differentiate between larvae of different fly species
Look at their spiracles (tse tse have Micky Mouse ear spiracles)
How was the tse tse eradicated from Zanzibar
Sterile male release
