Protien Synthesis Flashcards
_______ For diabetic patients can be synthesized by bacteria that have undergone recombinant DNA process
insulin
The final phase of translation where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome
termination
A gene mutation where a nucleotide is removed from a gene
Deletion
______Bonds form between the nitrogenous bases in the DNA molecule
hydrogen
unlike DNA, RNA is ______ stranded
single
The process of creating an MRNA strand from a DNA molecule
Transcription
The shape of the DNA molecule
double helix
something that can get DNA from one species into the sale of another species
vector
any factor which causes a mutation is called a??
mutagen
A gene mutation where one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide??
substitution
DNA and RNA are both types of
nucleic acids
this type of RNA is used in the ribosome during proteins synthesis
rRNA
The process of DNA making copies of itself
replication
The first phase of translation with the mRNA in the first tRNA join up with the small ribosomal subunits is called
initiation
DNA is found in the _______ of Eucaryotic cells
nucleus
many ribosomes can be translating a single mRNA strand at the same time this unit is called
polysome
The enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing strand during transcription
RNA polymerase
A nitrogenous base with a double ring structure
purine
proteins that associate with DNA form chromosomes
histones
The enzyme the unzips the DNA strand during replication
helicase
A DNA subunit made of three components
nucleotide
The three letter sequence on a tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon
anti codon
this type of RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome‘s
tRNA
chromosomal _______ Occur when entire portions of chromosomes are removed
deletion
A change to the base pairs sequence of DNA molecules
mutations
A chromosomal mutation where a piece of the chromosome is flipped
inversion
proteins are made up of chains of __________ string together
amino acids
this type of RNA brings the instructions from the DNA molecule to the ribosomes
mRNA
DNA is made up of many repeating subunits and is therefore referred to as being a ???
polymer
replication of the DNA molecule is considered to be a_________________ process because each daughter strand contains half all DNA in half new DNA
Semi conservative
The reading of an mRNA strand by a ribosome to make a protein is called???
translation
UV lights in x-rays are examples of______ mutagens
radiation
a _____ mutation only affects one gene
gene
HPV is an example of a???
viral mutagen
A gene mutation where a nucleotide is inserted into a gene
addition
A chromosome a mutation were a piece of one chromosome is transferred into another chromosome
translocation
RNA contains one nitrogenous base that is not found in DNA called??
urasil
A nitrogenous base with a single ring structure
pyrimidines
completed proteins are sent to the____________ _________ for a final processing and packaging
Golgi apparatus
benzene and Dioxins are examples of what mutagens
chemical
A chromosome or mutation where a portion of the chromosome repeats itself
duplications
a mutagen that causes cancer is called a ???
carcinogen
________ mutations occur in the gametes or early on in embryological development
germinal
______ Bonds form between a adjoining amino acids
peptide
The number of purine bases will always equal the number of pyrimidine bases according to ______\’s rule
chargoffs
_____ base pairing means that only able pair with T and only G will pair with C
Complementary
The amino acid chain is released from the ribosome when to stop codon signals for a _____ _______ to enter the ribosome
release factor
A small circular piece of DNA that can be used to transfer DNA from one species to another species
plasmid
a ________ mutation affects many genes because a large portions of chromosomes are altered
chromosomal
addition and deletion mutations can cause devastating effects because they can cause a _____ _____ we’re all codons downstream of the mutation are altered
frame shift
The enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand during replication
DNA polymerase
The second phase of translation where the amino acid chain grows is called
élongation
strong _____ bonds form between the sugar and phosphate to form the backbone of the molecule
covalent
The three little sequence on mRNA the codes for an amino acid
codon
______ mutations Occur and sells after birth
somatic
during transcription, the ____ strand of the DNA molecule is used to code for the mRNA molecule
sense
DNA
double helix
controls cellular activity
codes for genetic information
pyramidine
single ring
thymine
cytosine
urasil
purine
double ring structure
adenine
guanine
replication
DNA duplicating itself
new and old strand (semi conservative)
mRNA
-made by copying sections of a DNA template strand(a gene) by a process called transcription
tRNA
recognizes a very specific amino acid by using its anti codon
it carries the amino acid for the cytoplasm to a ribosome for protein synthesis
transcription
- hydrogen bonds break in a specific section so the DNA unzips to expose a set of bases
- along one strand of DNA called the scent strand complementary RNA bases are brought in in RNA your cell binds to the adenine on the DNA as in DNA cytosine binds to guanine the other strand of the DNA molecule the nonsense strand isn’t read by mRNA in eucaryotic cells
- adjacent RNA nucleotides form covalent bonds between sugar phosphate
- The RNA strand is released from the DNA
- The DNA molecule rewinds reforms H bonds and returns to its normal double helix form
- RNA can then leave the nucleus and go into the cytoplasm the enzyme involved in transcription is known as RNA polymerase
- this process occurs in the nucleus and the nucleolus
translation
translating the codons on mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to form a primary polypeptide structure
1. initiation
a. The small RNA subunit first attaches to the start code on a UG on the mRNA
b. A tRNA with an anti-codon complementary base pairs with the codon
c. The large RNA subunit then joints with the small subunit
2. elogation
more amino acids are added and connected together to form a polypeptide and the chain elongates
3.Termination
The process
repeats until a special code on call to stop codon is reached stop codons code for it’s up a protein called release factor finds directly to stop the codon
The new proteins is sent for final processing and packaging in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
codon
A three letter unit of mRNA which codes for one amino acid there is 64 codons in total of which 61 codes for specific amino acids
anti codon
base sequence that is complementary to the coat on found in tRNA
gene
A gene is made up of DNA genes an act as instructions to make molecules called proteins
DNA polymerase
The enzyme the ads new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand during replication
RNA polymerase
The enzyme the ads nucleotides to the growing stranding transcription
helicase
The ends on the unzips a DNA strand during replication
DNA ligase
An enzyme that connects to strands of DNA together by forming bonds between the phosphate groups of one strand and the deoxyribose groups on the other
use during replication
rRNA
Made by the nucleolus in the nucleus
two are in a subunits combine with the proteins form ribosomes
aids in protein synthesis by reading mRNA codon
ribosome
synthesize proteins
polysome
Many ribosomes can be translating a single mRNA staying at the same time this unit is called a polysome
initiation
happens first in translation
elongation
second in translation
termination
happens last in translation
gene mutation
affects only one gene small scale but can have devastating effects
Substitution
One nucleotide is substituted for another nucleotide
addition
Nucleotides are added
deletion
Nucleotides are deleted
chromosomal mutations
Affects many genes because they affect the entire chromosome or parts of the chromosome
Inversion
parts of the chromosomes are inverted
Translocation
parts of the chromosomes can we relocated
duplication
one or more of the parts of the chromosome is doubled or tripled
deletion
A part of the chromosome is missing
somatic mutation
occurs in body cells after birth
Germinal mutations
mutations of the eggs and sperm or in early development of the embryo
mutagen
can be external or internal that can cause mutations in DNA
carcinogens
cause cells to undergo mitosis uncontrollably resulting in the formation of tumours
vector
Something that can get DNA into one species from another
plasmid
A small circular piece of DNA that can be used to transfer DNA from one species to another species