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biology 12 > Protien Synthesis > Flashcards

Protien Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

_______ For diabetic patients can be synthesized by bacteria that have undergone recombinant DNA process

A

insulin

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2
Q

The final phase of translation where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome

A

termination

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3
Q

A gene mutation where a nucleotide is removed from a gene

A

Deletion

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4
Q

______Bonds form between the nitrogenous bases in the DNA molecule

A

hydrogen

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5
Q

unlike DNA, RNA is ______ stranded

A

single

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6
Q

The process of creating an MRNA strand from a DNA molecule

A

Transcription

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7
Q

The shape of the DNA molecule

A

double helix

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8
Q

something that can get DNA from one species into the sale of another species

A

vector

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9
Q

any factor which causes a mutation is called a??

A

mutagen

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10
Q

A gene mutation where one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide??

A

substitution

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11
Q

DNA and RNA are both types of

A

nucleic acids

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12
Q

this type of RNA is used in the ribosome during proteins synthesis

A

rRNA

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13
Q

The process of DNA making copies of itself

A

replication

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14
Q

The first phase of translation with the mRNA in the first tRNA join up with the small ribosomal subunits is called

A

initiation

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15
Q

DNA is found in the _______ of Eucaryotic cells

A

nucleus

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16
Q

many ribosomes can be translating a single mRNA strand at the same time this unit is called

A

polysome

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17
Q

The enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing strand during transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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18
Q

A nitrogenous base with a double ring structure

A

purine

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19
Q

proteins that associate with DNA form chromosomes

A

histones

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20
Q

The enzyme the unzips the DNA strand during replication

A

helicase

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21
Q

A DNA subunit made of three components

A

nucleotide

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22
Q

The three letter sequence on a tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon

A

anti codon

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23
Q

this type of RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome‘s

A

tRNA

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24
Q

chromosomal _______ Occur when entire portions of chromosomes are removed

A

deletion

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25
Q

A change to the base pairs sequence of DNA molecules

A

mutations

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26
Q

A chromosomal mutation where a piece of the chromosome is flipped

A

inversion

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27
Q

proteins are made up of chains of __________ string together

A

amino acids

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28
Q

this type of RNA brings the instructions from the DNA molecule to the ribosomes

A

mRNA

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29
Q

DNA is made up of many repeating subunits and is therefore referred to as being a ???

A

polymer

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30
Q

replication of the DNA molecule is considered to be a_________________ process because each daughter strand contains half all DNA in half new DNA

A

Semi conservative

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31
Q

The reading of an mRNA strand by a ribosome to make a protein is called???

A

translation

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32
Q

UV lights in x-rays are examples of______ mutagens

A

radiation

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33
Q

a _____ mutation only affects one gene

A

gene

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34
Q

HPV is an example of a???

A

viral mutagen

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35
Q

A gene mutation where a nucleotide is inserted into a gene

A

addition

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36
Q

A chromosome a mutation were a piece of one chromosome is transferred into another chromosome

A

translocation

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37
Q

RNA contains one nitrogenous base that is not found in DNA called??

A

urasil

38
Q

A nitrogenous base with a single ring structure

A

pyrimidines

39
Q

completed proteins are sent to the____________ _________ for a final processing and packaging

A

Golgi apparatus

40
Q

benzene and Dioxins are examples of what mutagens

A

chemical

41
Q

A chromosome or mutation where a portion of the chromosome repeats itself

A

duplications

42
Q

a mutagen that causes cancer is called a ???

A

carcinogen

43
Q

________ mutations occur in the gametes or early on in embryological development

A

germinal

44
Q

______ Bonds form between a adjoining amino acids

A

peptide

45
Q

The number of purine bases will always equal the number of pyrimidine bases according to ______\’s rule

A

chargoffs

46
Q

_____ base pairing means that only able pair with T and only G will pair with C

A

Complementary

47
Q

The amino acid chain is released from the ribosome when to stop codon signals for a _____ _______ to enter the ribosome

A

release factor

48
Q

A small circular piece of DNA that can be used to transfer DNA from one species to another species

A

plasmid

49
Q

a ________ mutation affects many genes because a large portions of chromosomes are altered

A

chromosomal

50
Q

addition and deletion mutations can cause devastating effects because they can cause a _____ _____ we’re all codons downstream of the mutation are altered

A

frame shift

51
Q

The enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand during replication

A

DNA polymerase

52
Q

The second phase of translation where the amino acid chain grows is called

A

élongation

53
Q

strong _____ bonds form between the sugar and phosphate to form the backbone of the molecule

A

covalent

54
Q

The three little sequence on mRNA the codes for an amino acid

A

codon

55
Q

______ mutations Occur and sells after birth

A

somatic

56
Q

during transcription, the ____ strand of the DNA molecule is used to code for the mRNA molecule

A

sense

57
Q

DNA

A

double helix
controls cellular activity
codes for genetic information

58
Q

pyramidine

A

single ring
thymine
cytosine
urasil

59
Q

purine

A

double ring structure
adenine
guanine

60
Q

replication

A

DNA duplicating itself

new and old strand (semi conservative)

61
Q

mRNA

A

-made by copying sections of a DNA template strand(a gene) by a process called transcription

62
Q

tRNA

A

recognizes a very specific amino acid by using its anti codon

it carries the amino acid for the cytoplasm to a ribosome for protein synthesis

63
Q

transcription

A
  1. hydrogen bonds break in a specific section so the DNA unzips to expose a set of bases
  2. along one strand of DNA called the scent strand complementary RNA bases are brought in in RNA your cell binds to the adenine on the DNA as in DNA cytosine binds to guanine the other strand of the DNA molecule the nonsense strand isn’t read by mRNA in eucaryotic cells
  3. adjacent RNA nucleotides form covalent bonds between sugar phosphate
  4. The RNA strand is released from the DNA
  5. The DNA molecule rewinds reforms H bonds and returns to its normal double helix form
  6. RNA can then leave the nucleus and go into the cytoplasm the enzyme involved in transcription is known as RNA polymerase
  7. this process occurs in the nucleus and the nucleolus
64
Q

translation

A

translating the codons on mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to form a primary polypeptide structure
1. initiation
a. The small RNA subunit first attaches to the start code on a UG on the mRNA
b. A tRNA with an anti-codon complementary base pairs with the codon
c. The large RNA subunit then joints with the small subunit
2. elogation
more amino acids are added and connected together to form a polypeptide and the chain elongates
3.Termination
The process
repeats until a special code on call to stop codon is reached stop codons code for it’s up a protein called release factor finds directly to stop the codon

The new proteins is sent for final processing and packaging in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

65
Q

codon

A

A three letter unit of mRNA which codes for one amino acid there is 64 codons in total of which 61 codes for specific amino acids

66
Q

anti codon

A

base sequence that is complementary to the coat on found in tRNA

67
Q

gene

A

A gene is made up of DNA genes an act as instructions to make molecules called proteins

68
Q

DNA polymerase

A

The enzyme the ads new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand during replication

69
Q

RNA polymerase

A

The enzyme the ads nucleotides to the growing stranding transcription

70
Q

helicase

A

The ends on the unzips a DNA strand during replication

71
Q

DNA ligase

A

An enzyme that connects to strands of DNA together by forming bonds between the phosphate groups of one strand and the deoxyribose groups on the other

use during replication

72
Q

rRNA

A

Made by the nucleolus in the nucleus

two are in a subunits combine with the proteins form ribosomes

aids in protein synthesis by reading mRNA codon

73
Q

ribosome

A

synthesize proteins

74
Q

polysome

A

Many ribosomes can be translating a single mRNA staying at the same time this unit is called a polysome

75
Q

initiation

A

happens first in translation

76
Q

elongation

A

second in translation

77
Q

termination

A

happens last in translation

78
Q

gene mutation

A

affects only one gene small scale but can have devastating effects

79
Q

Substitution

A

One nucleotide is substituted for another nucleotide

80
Q

addition

A

Nucleotides are added

81
Q

deletion

A

Nucleotides are deleted

82
Q

chromosomal mutations

A

Affects many genes because they affect the entire chromosome or parts of the chromosome

83
Q

Inversion

A

parts of the chromosomes are inverted

84
Q

Translocation

A

parts of the chromosomes can we relocated

85
Q

duplication

A

one or more of the parts of the chromosome is doubled or tripled

86
Q

deletion

A

A part of the chromosome is missing

87
Q

somatic mutation

A

occurs in body cells after birth

88
Q

Germinal mutations

A

mutations of the eggs and sperm or in early development of the embryo

89
Q

mutagen

A

can be external or internal that can cause mutations in DNA

90
Q

carcinogens

A

cause cells to undergo mitosis uncontrollably resulting in the formation of tumours

91
Q

vector

A

Something that can get DNA into one species from another

92
Q

plasmid

A

A small circular piece of DNA that can be used to transfer DNA from one species to another species

biology 12 (8 decks)

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