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biology 12 > enzymes > Flashcards

enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

________glands secrete hormones directly into the blood

A

endocrine

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2
Q

A factor affecting the rate of a chemical reaction

A

temperature

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3
Q

_______ glands secrete hormones

A

exocrine

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4
Q

The model that considers the substrate an active site to be a perfect fit for each other

A

Lock and key

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5
Q

This enlargement of throat can occur due to hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism

A

goiter

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6
Q

Maintaining the internal environment of the body at equilibrium

A

homeostasis

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7
Q

insulin is an example of a _____ hormone

A

peptide

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8
Q

every enzyme has an optimal __ At which it works in the body and exact value of this will depend on where in the body that enzyme is functioning values too far above or below optimal will result in the denaturation of the enzyme

A

PH

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9
Q

Organic but non-pro Tien cofactors are often derived from these substances

A

vitamins

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10
Q

in order for your body to cool blood vessels near the surface of your skin will?

A

dialate

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11
Q

all the enzyme names and in this suffix

A

ASE

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12
Q

Components of the body which detect light

A

Photo receptors

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13
Q

increasing this factor will increase the rate of a chemical reaction

A

Surface Area

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14
Q

The protein portion of an enzyme is called the

A

apoenzyme

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15
Q

all of the body’s and sensory receptors are connected to the _________system

A

Nervous

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16
Q

The portion of an enzyme that binds with the substrate

A

Active site

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17
Q

cofactors can belong to this group of substances

A

metals

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18
Q

Components of the body which detect chemical changes

A

Chemo receptors

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19
Q

a _________ Increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

A

catalyst

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20
Q

when the product of an enzyme catalyzed reaction binds to the __________Site on the enzyme, it can cause a change to the shape of the active site and caused the enzyme to become temporarily un active

A

allosteric

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21
Q

This word is what happens to a protein when the shape is changed by being exposed to heat or certain chemicals

A

denature

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22
Q

________ ________ Like mercury can lead to cause dénaturation Of enzymes

A

Heavy metals

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23
Q

_______ Are chemical messengers which helps cells communicate with each other

A

Hormones

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24
Q

A organic but non-pro Tien substrate (example vitamin) which plays a role in forming a functioning enzyme

A

coenzyme

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25
Q

This word refers to the combination of all the chemical reactions that are occurring within an organism

A

Metabolism

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26
Q

Components of the body which detect changes and blood pressure

A

Baroreceptors or pressure receptors

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27
Q

the negative feedback _______ Occurs when the increase in the product of an enzyme catalyzed reaction because the rate of that reaction to slow by inhibiting that associated enzyme

A

Inhibition

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28
Q

The idea that the active site modifies its shape as it forms a enzyme substrate complex

A

Induced fit

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29
Q

The receptors for regulating body temperature are located in this part of the brain

A

hypothalamus

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30
Q

The enzyme maltase to decomposes the sugar _______?

A

maltose

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31
Q

the _________ Energy is the amount of energy that is required to get a chemical reaction started

A

Activation

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32
Q

a solution with a higher __________ Will provide a faster reaction rate than a solution with one that is lower

A

Consentration

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33
Q

_______ Feedback systems are very rare and humans but are present in situations like childbirth

A

positive

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34
Q

enzyme activity can be reduced when temperatures become too ______ This situation can be reversed

A

COLD

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35
Q

This enzyme catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

A

Catalase

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36
Q

This element is required for the production of thyroxin

A

iodine

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37
Q

If your body temperature drops below normal your brain me direct your body to start involuntary muscle contractions which makes you start to _______

A

shiver

38
Q

blood pressure, blood pH, and blood glucose levels are all part of ________ Feedback systems were the correction of the level which is out of range leads to a slowing or seizing of the correct of measure

A

negative

39
Q

In order to function properly enzymes require additional substances called ______ Which are typically in organic ions or metals

A

cofactors

40
Q

Components of the body which detect temperature changes

A

Thermoreceptors

41
Q

the term metabolic _____ refers to a sequence Of enzyme catalyzed reaction’s which are all linked to each other

A

pathway

42
Q

metabolic rate is controlled by the hormone thyroxin which is produced in the______ gland

A

thyroid

43
Q

A word used to describe the substance which will combine with the active site of an enzyme during a reaction

A

Substrate

44
Q

Enzymes are said to be ______ Because each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction

A

specific

45
Q

In an enzyme catalyzed reaction reaction rate will continue to increase with the addition of more substrate until all the enzyme active sites are _______\\ The addition of more substrates be on this point will result in no increase of reaction rate

A

saturated

46
Q

Lipid based hormones are composed of

A

steroids

47
Q

A biological catalyst is called an

A

enzyme

48
Q

Factors affecting chemical reactions

A

Temperature
surface area
concentration
use of a catalyst

49
Q

What is a Catalyst

A

Catalysts work to speed up Chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

50
Q

Catalyst are ____ used up during a chemical reaction

A

not

51
Q

Examples of catalysts

A

Potassium iodide and manganèse oxide

52
Q

temperature increases the _______

Energy of the molecules there by speeding up the number of successful collisions between reactants

A

kinetic

53
Q

Why can you not add heat to cell’s to start chemical reactions

A

because the temperature well can get too high and proteins get denatured

it is too inconvenient to add heat to your body every time a chemical reaction is occurring

54
Q

A non-catalyzed with no enzyme reaction has a ________ rate of reaction

A

slower

55
Q

catalyzed and with enzyme has a ________ reaction rate

A

faster

56
Q

I’ll enzymes have an ending of?

A

ASE

57
Q

When naming an enzyme the name usually indicates the _____The enzyme works on

A

substrate

58
Q 
enzyme          substrate
sucrase           
lipase              
helicase           
peptidase        
ATPase
A

lipids or fats

DNA

polypeptides proteins

ATP

59
Q

What are cofactors

A

Cofactors include metals such as copper zinc ion magnesium

they are organic and non-proteins they have vitamin components

60
Q

what is a apoenzyme

A

a protein

61
Q

holoenzyme

A

functional enzyme

62
Q

What is the difference between a catalyst in an enzyme

A

A catalyst is a big group of things that speed up reaction rate

An enzyme is a type of catalyst made of protein in biological organisms

63
Q

_______+________=________

A

Apoenzyme+cofactor=holoenzyme

64
Q

Where are positive systems found

A

When breast-feeding and giving birth

65
Q

What are the specific hormones that happen in positive feedback systems such as birth giving and breast-feeding

A

they secrete the hormone oxytocin

66
Q

If one enzyme doesn’t work in a metabolic pathway what wouldn’t be made

A

What would it be made would be the rest of the reaction after the denatured enzyme

67
Q

What does cyanide effect

A

It affects the molecule ATP in the mitochondria

68
Q

What are enzymes made of and how are they made

A

Enzymes are made of proteins they are made from a chain of amino acids that fold into a unique shape

69
Q

What is homeostasis and why is it important

A

Homeostasis is the maintenance of equilibrium of the body’s internal environment in the face of changing conditions

It is important to keep a constant environment for your body

70
Q

What is the allosteric site and what does it do

A

it temporarily shuts down the enzyme to control the amount of product being produced
And allosteric say it is non-active and can cause a change to the tertiary shape of the enzymes active site

71
Q

What can cause enzymes to be

denatured

A

Temperature to hot
PH high or low
and heavy metals

72
Q

Primary structure

A

The order or sequence in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain

there are 20 different amino acids that can be used

usually in a single line

73
Q

Secondary structure

A

The twisting of a primary structure into a he likes or a banded into a pleated sheet

74
Q

Tertiary structure

A

A complex folding of the secondary structure into a 3-D or globular shape

this is a functional shape of the protein

75
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Two or more tertiary proteins bound together in a globular mass

76
Q

Enzymes only work when

A

They have the correct shape

77
Q

What are endocrine glands

A

They are glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood

78
Q

What are exocrine glands

A

they are glands that secrete their hormones into the ducts

79
Q

what permanently binds to an enzyme

A

Poison

80
Q

Enzymes are very _______

A

specific

81
Q

What are all the receptors called

A

Chemo receptors

photo receptors

mechanoreceptors
stretch receptors
baro receptors

thermoreceptors

82
Q

What are peptide hormones

A

Peptide hormones bind to a specific receptor proteins in the plasma membrane

examples of peptide hormones oxytocin insulin and glucagon and thyroxin

83
Q

What are steroid hormones

A

After passing through the receptor membrane a steroid hormone binds to the receptor proteins inside the nucleus the hormone receptor complex than buns to the DNA this leads to the activation of certain genes and proteins synthesis

84
Q

The metabolic rate needs what two things

A

Oxygen and glucose

85
Q

Optimum temperatures for enzymes in the core of the body would be what temperature

A

37 °

86
Q

What tells the thyroid gland to make thyroxin

A

The hypothalamus specifically the pituitary gland

87
Q

What do inhibitors do

A

They slow down the reactions By attaching to the active site

88
Q

What are symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

Constant fatigue

lack of energy

weight gain or obesity

decrease in body temperature

loss of hair

slower pulse rate thickness

and puffiness of the skin

a goiter can occur and can also result in cretinism in infancy or early childhood

89
Q

Symptoms of hyper thyroidism

A

Hyperactivity

nervousness

irritability

insomnia

and weight loss

also a goiter

90
Q

jWhy is the thyroid gland important

A

The thyroid gland is located in the neck in the front of the trachea

the thyroid gland produces a peptide hormone called thyroxin which affects our body cells

it increases the rate of cellular respiration and that’s one’s metabolic rate

biology 12 (8 decks)

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