enzymes Flashcards
________glands secrete hormones directly into the blood
endocrine
A factor affecting the rate of a chemical reaction
temperature
_______ glands secrete hormones
exocrine
The model that considers the substrate an active site to be a perfect fit for each other
Lock and key
This enlargement of throat can occur due to hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism
goiter
Maintaining the internal environment of the body at equilibrium
homeostasis
insulin is an example of a _____ hormone
peptide
every enzyme has an optimal __ At which it works in the body and exact value of this will depend on where in the body that enzyme is functioning values too far above or below optimal will result in the denaturation of the enzyme
PH
Organic but non-pro Tien cofactors are often derived from these substances
vitamins
in order for your body to cool blood vessels near the surface of your skin will?
dialate
all the enzyme names and in this suffix
ASE
Components of the body which detect light
Photo receptors
increasing this factor will increase the rate of a chemical reaction
Surface Area
The protein portion of an enzyme is called the
apoenzyme
all of the body’s and sensory receptors are connected to the _________system
Nervous
The portion of an enzyme that binds with the substrate
Active site
cofactors can belong to this group of substances
metals
Components of the body which detect chemical changes
Chemo receptors
a _________ Increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy
catalyst
when the product of an enzyme catalyzed reaction binds to the __________Site on the enzyme, it can cause a change to the shape of the active site and caused the enzyme to become temporarily un active
allosteric
This word is what happens to a protein when the shape is changed by being exposed to heat or certain chemicals
denature
________ ________ Like mercury can lead to cause dénaturation Of enzymes
Heavy metals
_______ Are chemical messengers which helps cells communicate with each other
Hormones
A organic but non-pro Tien substrate (example vitamin) which plays a role in forming a functioning enzyme
coenzyme
This word refers to the combination of all the chemical reactions that are occurring within an organism
Metabolism
Components of the body which detect changes and blood pressure
Baroreceptors or pressure receptors
the negative feedback _______ Occurs when the increase in the product of an enzyme catalyzed reaction because the rate of that reaction to slow by inhibiting that associated enzyme
Inhibition
The idea that the active site modifies its shape as it forms a enzyme substrate complex
Induced fit
The receptors for regulating body temperature are located in this part of the brain
hypothalamus
The enzyme maltase to decomposes the sugar _______?
maltose
the _________ Energy is the amount of energy that is required to get a chemical reaction started
Activation
a solution with a higher __________ Will provide a faster reaction rate than a solution with one that is lower
Consentration
_______ Feedback systems are very rare and humans but are present in situations like childbirth
positive
enzyme activity can be reduced when temperatures become too ______ This situation can be reversed
COLD
This enzyme catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
Catalase
This element is required for the production of thyroxin
iodine
If your body temperature drops below normal your brain me direct your body to start involuntary muscle contractions which makes you start to _______
shiver
blood pressure, blood pH, and blood glucose levels are all part of ________ Feedback systems were the correction of the level which is out of range leads to a slowing or seizing of the correct of measure
negative
In order to function properly enzymes require additional substances called ______ Which are typically in organic ions or metals
cofactors
Components of the body which detect temperature changes
Thermoreceptors
the term metabolic _____ refers to a sequence Of enzyme catalyzed reaction’s which are all linked to each other
pathway
metabolic rate is controlled by the hormone thyroxin which is produced in the______ gland
thyroid
A word used to describe the substance which will combine with the active site of an enzyme during a reaction
Substrate
Enzymes are said to be ______ Because each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction
specific
In an enzyme catalyzed reaction reaction rate will continue to increase with the addition of more substrate until all the enzyme active sites are _______\\ The addition of more substrates be on this point will result in no increase of reaction rate
saturated
Lipid based hormones are composed of
steroids
A biological catalyst is called an
enzyme
Factors affecting chemical reactions
Temperature
surface area
concentration
use of a catalyst
What is a Catalyst
Catalysts work to speed up Chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
Catalyst are ____ used up during a chemical reaction
not
Examples of catalysts
Potassium iodide and manganèse oxide
temperature increases the _______
Energy of the molecules there by speeding up the number of successful collisions between reactants
kinetic
Why can you not add heat to cell’s to start chemical reactions
because the temperature well can get too high and proteins get denatured
it is too inconvenient to add heat to your body every time a chemical reaction is occurring
A non-catalyzed with no enzyme reaction has a ________ rate of reaction
slower
catalyzed and with enzyme has a ________ reaction rate
faster
I’ll enzymes have an ending of?
ASE
When naming an enzyme the name usually indicates the _____The enzyme works on
substrate
enzyme substrate sucrase lipase helicase peptidase ATPase
lipids or fats
DNA
polypeptides proteins
ATP
What are cofactors
Cofactors include metals such as copper zinc ion magnesium
they are organic and non-proteins they have vitamin components
what is a apoenzyme
a protein
holoenzyme
functional enzyme
What is the difference between a catalyst in an enzyme
A catalyst is a big group of things that speed up reaction rate
An enzyme is a type of catalyst made of protein in biological organisms
_______+________=________
Apoenzyme+cofactor=holoenzyme
Where are positive systems found
When breast-feeding and giving birth
What are the specific hormones that happen in positive feedback systems such as birth giving and breast-feeding
they secrete the hormone oxytocin
If one enzyme doesn’t work in a metabolic pathway what wouldn’t be made
What would it be made would be the rest of the reaction after the denatured enzyme
What does cyanide effect
It affects the molecule ATP in the mitochondria
What are enzymes made of and how are they made
Enzymes are made of proteins they are made from a chain of amino acids that fold into a unique shape
What is homeostasis and why is it important
Homeostasis is the maintenance of equilibrium of the body’s internal environment in the face of changing conditions
It is important to keep a constant environment for your body
What is the allosteric site and what does it do
it temporarily shuts down the enzyme to control the amount of product being produced
And allosteric say it is non-active and can cause a change to the tertiary shape of the enzymes active site
What can cause enzymes to be
denatured
Temperature to hot
PH high or low
and heavy metals
Primary structure
The order or sequence in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain
there are 20 different amino acids that can be used
usually in a single line
Secondary structure
The twisting of a primary structure into a he likes or a banded into a pleated sheet
Tertiary structure
A complex folding of the secondary structure into a 3-D or globular shape
this is a functional shape of the protein
Quaternary structure
Two or more tertiary proteins bound together in a globular mass
Enzymes only work when
They have the correct shape
What are endocrine glands
They are glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood
What are exocrine glands
they are glands that secrete their hormones into the ducts
what permanently binds to an enzyme
Poison
Enzymes are very _______
specific
What are all the receptors called
Chemo receptors
photo receptors
mechanoreceptors
stretch receptors
baro receptors
thermoreceptors
What are peptide hormones
Peptide hormones bind to a specific receptor proteins in the plasma membrane
examples of peptide hormones oxytocin insulin and glucagon and thyroxin
What are steroid hormones
After passing through the receptor membrane a steroid hormone binds to the receptor proteins inside the nucleus the hormone receptor complex than buns to the DNA this leads to the activation of certain genes and proteins synthesis
The metabolic rate needs what two things
Oxygen and glucose
Optimum temperatures for enzymes in the core of the body would be what temperature
37 °
What tells the thyroid gland to make thyroxin
The hypothalamus specifically the pituitary gland
What do inhibitors do
They slow down the reactions By attaching to the active site
What are symptoms of hypothyroidism
Constant fatigue
lack of energy
weight gain or obesity
decrease in body temperature
loss of hair
slower pulse rate thickness
and puffiness of the skin
a goiter can occur and can also result in cretinism in infancy or early childhood
Symptoms of hyper thyroidism
Hyperactivity
nervousness
irritability
insomnia
and weight loss
also a goiter
jWhy is the thyroid gland important
The thyroid gland is located in the neck in the front of the trachea
the thyroid gland produces a peptide hormone called thyroxin which affects our body cells
it increases the rate of cellular respiration and that’s one’s metabolic rate
