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circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do multicellular organisms rely on a circulatory system

A

The circulatory system brings nutrients to and takes waist away from the cells circulation is important in higher organisms and if the heart stops beating for a few minutes death will occur

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2
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of

A

The heart and blood vessels

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3
Q

What is the heart

A

The heart is a four chambers Oregon that is made up of mostly cardiac muscle

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4
Q

What is cardiac muscle

A

strong Muscles that can contract and relax that pump blood to have blood vessels

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5
Q

What are blood vessels used for

A

for transporting blood from the heart to the tissues and then back to the heart

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6
Q

What do arteries do

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart

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7
Q

What do veins do

A

Carry blood towards the heart

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8
Q

What are capillaries

A

They connect the arterioles to the venules and exchange material with the tissue

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9
Q

most arteries contain ________blood

A

oxygenated

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10
Q

Most veins carry___________blood

A

Deoxygenated

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11
Q

what are the two exceptions with oxygenated blood at deoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary arteries an umbilical vein’s carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart and

pulmonary veins and umbilical vein’s carry oxygenated blood towards the heart

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12
Q

How many kilometres of blood vessels do we have

A

about 100,000km

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13
Q

What are the 3 thick wall layers in arteries called

A

inner layer
middle layer
outer layer

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14
Q

What are the three layers composed of in the arteries

A

Smooth muscle which has elastic fibres and supporting tissue

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15
Q

Middle layer of the arteries

A

muscle gives the arteries strength and allows them to construct and dilate the elastic fibres allow them to stretch and contract

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16
Q

Thickness of arteries

A

arteries are so thick that they require their own capillaries to provide oxygen and nutrients to them arteries branch into arterioles which are smaller branches of arteries

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17
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels

A

Arteries veins and capillaries

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18
Q

Veins carry blood _____ the heart

A

towards

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19
Q

venules drain blood from the _________ and then join to form a vien

A

capillaries

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20
Q

veins have no thick middle layer of _________ and ______ _______ and have no _____ ______

A

elastin

smooth muscle

blood pressure

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21
Q

What do veins have which allowed blood to flow towards the heart when they are open and prevent backflow of blood when they are closed

A

valves

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22
Q

What muscles contract along the valves to help return the blood back to the heart

A

skeletal muscles

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23
Q

capillaries branch from the what?

A

arterioles

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24
Q

What are capillaries used for

A

They are network of very narrow Vessels that are used for the exchange of nutrients(oxygen and glucose) and ways such as carbon dioxide

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25
Q

Capillaries are only _____ cell thick

A

one

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26
Q

Papillary is being one cell layer thick allows for?

A

optimal diffusion and transport across the walls

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27
Q

capillaries have _____ muscles

A

sphincter or ring

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28
Q

What are the major arteries

A 
The aorta 
carotid artery 
pulmonary artery 
subclavian artery 
renal artery 
iliac artery 
coronary arteries 
mesentery arteries
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29
Q

What are the major veins

A 
Superior and inferior vena cava jugular vein 
pulmonary veins 
subclavian vein
 renal vein 
iliac vein 
coronary vein
Hepatic portal vein
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30
Q

What circulation system consist of the blood flow to and from the lungs only

A

pulmonary

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31
Q

Circulation that consists of the blood flow to and from the body only

A

systemic

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32
Q

Where is the blood going to and from the aorta

A

To the heart and branches into all major arteries

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33
Q

Carotid artery

A

heart to head

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34
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

heart to lungs

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35
Q

subclavian artery

A

heart to arms

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36
Q

Renal artery

A

Heart to kidneys

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37
Q

Iliac artery

A

Splits from the heart to the legs

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38
Q

Coronary arteries

A

From the heart to the heart muscle

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39
Q

Mesentery artery

A

From the heart to the small intestines

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40
Q

Superior and inferior vena cava

A

From the bodies major veins to the heart

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41
Q

jugular vein

A

head to heart

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42
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

lungs to heart

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43
Q

Subclavian vein

A

arms to heart

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44
Q

Renal vein

A

Kidneys to the heart

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45
Q

Iliac vein

A

From the legs to the heart

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46
Q

Coronary veins

A

From heart muscle to the heart

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47
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

the small intestine to the liver

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48
Q

The heart is a very muscular organ about the size of a ___\

A

fist

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49
Q

The _________ is the major portion of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle

A

Myocardium

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50
Q

What is the membrane covering the heart

A

Pericardium or a pericardial sac

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51
Q

double pump

the heart acts as two separate pumps the right side pumps blood to the ________ And the left side pumps blood to the ________

A

lungs

rest of the body

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52
Q

What is the thick wall that separates the two sides of the heart called

A

The septum

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53
Q

Steps of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava
  2. Right atrium contracts forcing blood through the right atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle
  3. Right ventricle contracts sending blood through the pulmonary semi lunar valve into the pulmonary trunk which divides into the pulmonary arteries to the left and right lungs
  4. Pulmonary arteries take detox in a jaded blood to the lungs capillaries where carbon dioxide diffuses out and oxygen diffused in the blood is now oxygenated
  5. oxygenated blood enters the pulmonary veins which take the blood from the lungs to the left atrium
  6. left atrium contracts forcing through the left atrioventricular valve into the left ventricle
  7. Left ventricle contract sending blood through the aortic semi lunar valve into the Aorta which branches into other major arteries taking action and jaedyn bloody to the whole body
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54
Q

What are the two phases of a heartbeat

A

Atrial contractions and ventricle contractions

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55
Q

First phase of the heartbeat

A

The Atria are contracting and the ventricles are relaxing

56
Q

Second phase of the heartbeat

A

Ventricles are contracting and the atria is relaxing

57
Q

Sound of the heartbeat

A

The heartbeat makes the sound lub dub

and that corresponds with the sounds of the valves

lub is the closing of the AV valves

and the dub is the closing of the semi lunar valve’s

we use the term systole and diastole to describe the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle

58
Q

How many times does your heartbeat per minute

A

70 times per minute and about 100,000 times a day

59
Q

What controls the heartbeat

A

The heartbeat is said to be intrinsic

The heart sells beat without nerves telling them what to do

Heart has special tissue called the noodle tissue which has both muscular and nervous tissue properties

60
Q

What are the two nodal regions of the heart

A

The SA node which is found in the upper back wall of the right atrium it is called the pacemaker because it keeps the heartbeat regular

The AV node is located at the base of the right atrium it receives the signal from the SA node and then sends a signal along to the special conducting fibres called the AV bundle located in the septum and then to the Purkinje fibres

PURKINJE fibres send electrical signals down to the ventricles causing them to contract contraction begins at the base of the heart and moves up like a wave

61
Q

Regulation of the heartbeat

A

The heart can keep a steady be on its own but the rate of the heartbeat is under the nervous system’s control

The brain has a heart rate centre medulla oblongada

which can speed up or slow down the heart rate

factors just such as stress oxygen levels and blood pressure can affect the heart rate

62
Q

What is blood pressure

A

Blood pressure is the pressure of the heart against the wall of a vessel

63
Q

What is the pulse

A

A pulse is the expanding and recoiling of an arterial wall that can be felt in any major artery that runs near the surface of the body

such as the carotid artery and the radial artery

64
Q

What is systolic blood pressure

A

Systolic blood pressure is the highest arterial pressure reach during ejection of blood from the heart which is the ventricles contracting

65
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure

A

The lowest arterial pressure it occurs when the ventricles are relaxing

66
Q

What is used to measure blood pressure

A

SPHYGMOMANOMETER

67
Q

Why could blood pressure increase

A

Blood pressure can increase when doing physical activity due to the need of oxygen to the muscles

68
Q

Why is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide so efficient

A

It has to do with the blood pressure found in the blood vessels and the osmotic pressure found in the surrounding tissue

69
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

It’s created by the presence of salts in the plasma proteins found in blood since there is a higher concentration

of these substances in the blood and so I make sashes then water will move into the blood from the dishes

70
Q

Circulatory diseases and disorders

A 
hypotension 
hypertension
atherosclerosis 
stroke 
heart attack 
thrombus
embolus
varicose veins
hemorrhoids 
phlebitis
71
Q

What is hypotension

A

Low blood pressure

72
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure

73
Q

atherosclerosis

A

Obstructed arteries caused by cholesterol plaque deposits

74
Q

Stroke

A

When a portion of the carotid dies due to lack of oxygen

75
Q

heart attack

A

When the portion of a heart dies due to lack of oxygen blocked by a coronary artery

76
Q

Thrombus

A

Stationary clot attached to an arterial wall

77
Q

Embolus

A

Thrombus that is dislodged and moves with the blood and eventually get stuck and blocks flow of blood in a small vessel

78
Q

Varicose veins

A

Abnormal or a regular dilations in superficial veins especially in lower legs due to the weakened valves

79
Q

Haemorrhoids

A

varicose in the rectum

80
Q

phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein

81
Q

Five fetal modifications

A

oval opening

arterial duct

umbilical arteries

and umbilical veins

Venous ducts

82
Q

Where does a fetus get it’s oxygen and nutrients

A

From its mother through the umbilical vein

83
Q

the ______ receives blood returning from the lungs

A

left atrium

84
Q

one of the layers found in arteries which allow them to constrict and dialate to modify blood pressure

A

smooth muscle

85
Q

larger blood vessels which carry blood back to the heart

A

viens

86
Q

the main part of the heart

A

myocardium

87
Q

the chamber of the heart which receives blood from the rest of the body

A

right atrium

88
Q

smaller vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

arterioles

89
Q

large vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

90
Q

the sound made by the heart valves during atrial contractions

A

LUB

91
Q

oxygenated blood is found on the ______ side of the heart

A

LEFT

92
Q

contractions in these muscles help to push blood through the veins and back to the heart

A

skeletal

93
Q

the ___ nodeReceives a signal from the SA node and initiates ventricular contraction

A

AV

94
Q

The heart is able to be without the control of the brain there for the heartbeat is said to be _______

A

INTRINSIC

95
Q

Relaxation of the heart muscle lowest arterial blood pressure

A

DIASTOLE

96
Q

The largest artery in the body

A

AORTA

97
Q

A membranewhich surround the heart

A

The pericardium

98
Q

Smaller blood vessels which carry blood back to the heart

A

venules

99
Q

The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the____\

A

lungs

100
Q

__________ Circulation occurs on the right side of the heart

A

pulmonary

101
Q

the hepatic _______ Vein takes blood from the small intestines to the liver

A

portal

102
Q

the ______ Vena cava returns blood from the parts of the body that are below the heart

A

inferior

103
Q

The percentage of blood in the arteries at any one time

A

20%

104
Q

Most muscular of the heart chambers

A

Left ventricular

105
Q

the _____ arteries and veins take blood to and from the kidneys

A

RENAL

106
Q

The right _________ valve separates the right atrium and ventricle

A

Atrioventricular

107
Q

________ Circulation occurs on the left side of the heart

A

systemic

108
Q

These veins return blood from the head

A

jugular

109
Q

the pulmonary __________ Valve prevents the backflow of the blood as the right ventricle contracts to pump blood to the lungs

A

semi lunar

110
Q

_________Pressure is created by the presence of salts and plasma proteins found in the blood

A

osmotic

111
Q

the _________ artery takes blood from the heart to the small intestine

A

mesentary

112
Q

the __ node of knows as the pace maker as it initiates the heart beat

A

SA

113
Q

The expansion of the blood pressure during systole

A

pulse

114
Q

The substance tend to move into the cells on the______ side of the capillaries

A

arterial

115
Q

The number of layers of tissues in arteries

A

3

116
Q

A device used for measuring blood pressure

A

SPHYGMOMANOMETER

117
Q

___________ is lowest in the venules and veins

A

blood pressure

118
Q

The type of muscle found in the heart

A

cardiac muscle

119
Q

the ________ arteries carry blood to the head

A

carotid

120
Q

Substances tend to move out of the cells into the blood on the ________side of the capillaries

A

VEANUS

121
Q

Structures in veins which prevent backflow of blood

A

valves

122
Q

Tiny blood vessels which deliver nutrients to individual cells

A

Capillaries

123
Q

the _________ vena cava

Returns blood from the parts of the body that are above the heart

A

superior

124
Q

the wall which divides the two sides of the heart

A

septum

125
Q

these arteries and veins take blood to and from the arms

A

subclavian

126
Q

Another name for the left atrioventricular valve

A

BICUSPID

127
Q

the _______ arteries take blood to the heart

A

coronary

128
Q

_____ _____ Is affected by stress

oxygen levels

exercise

and blood pressure

A

heart rate

129
Q

Total cross-section area of the blood vessels is the highest in the______ beds

A

capillary

130
Q

the ______ fibers carry the electrical signal down to the ventricles to initiate contraction

A

PURKINJE

131
Q

the aorta divides into the _____ arteries in the pelvic region

A

ILIAC

132
Q

These muscles can contract to stop the blood flow to capillary beds in certain areas of the body

A

SPHINCTER

133
Q

Capillaries are only ___ cell layer thick in order to allow the most efficient transport of materials across the walls

A

ONE

134
Q

the aortic ____ is where the blood first leaves the left ventricle

A

ARCH

135
Q

One of the layers found in the arteries which allows them to “stretch” during a pulse

A

ELASTIN

biology 12 (8 decks)

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