circulation Flashcards
Why do multicellular organisms rely on a circulatory system
The circulatory system brings nutrients to and takes waist away from the cells circulation is important in higher organisms and if the heart stops beating for a few minutes death will occur
What does the circulatory system consist of
The heart and blood vessels
What is the heart
The heart is a four chambers Oregon that is made up of mostly cardiac muscle
What is cardiac muscle
strong Muscles that can contract and relax that pump blood to have blood vessels
What are blood vessels used for
for transporting blood from the heart to the tissues and then back to the heart
What do arteries do
Arteries carry blood away from the heart
What do veins do
Carry blood towards the heart
What are capillaries
They connect the arterioles to the venules and exchange material with the tissue
most arteries contain ________blood
oxygenated
Most veins carry___________blood
Deoxygenated
what are the two exceptions with oxygenated blood at deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary arteries an umbilical vein’s carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart and
pulmonary veins and umbilical vein’s carry oxygenated blood towards the heart
How many kilometres of blood vessels do we have
about 100,000km
What are the 3 thick wall layers in arteries called
inner layer
middle layer
outer layer
What are the three layers composed of in the arteries
Smooth muscle which has elastic fibres and supporting tissue
Middle layer of the arteries
muscle gives the arteries strength and allows them to construct and dilate the elastic fibres allow them to stretch and contract
Thickness of arteries
arteries are so thick that they require their own capillaries to provide oxygen and nutrients to them arteries branch into arterioles which are smaller branches of arteries
What are the three types of blood vessels
Arteries veins and capillaries
Veins carry blood _____ the heart
towards
venules drain blood from the _________ and then join to form a vien
capillaries
veins have no thick middle layer of _________ and ______ _______ and have no _____ ______
elastin
smooth muscle
blood pressure
What do veins have which allowed blood to flow towards the heart when they are open and prevent backflow of blood when they are closed
valves
What muscles contract along the valves to help return the blood back to the heart
skeletal muscles
capillaries branch from the what?
arterioles
What are capillaries used for
They are network of very narrow Vessels that are used for the exchange of nutrients(oxygen and glucose) and ways such as carbon dioxide
Capillaries are only _____ cell thick
one
Papillary is being one cell layer thick allows for?
optimal diffusion and transport across the walls
capillaries have _____ muscles
sphincter or ring
What are the major arteries
The aorta carotid artery pulmonary artery subclavian artery renal artery iliac artery coronary arteries mesentery arteries
What are the major veins
Superior and inferior vena cava jugular vein pulmonary veins subclavian vein renal vein iliac vein coronary vein Hepatic portal vein
What circulation system consist of the blood flow to and from the lungs only
pulmonary
Circulation that consists of the blood flow to and from the body only
systemic
Where is the blood going to and from the aorta
To the heart and branches into all major arteries
Carotid artery
heart to head
Pulmonary artery
heart to lungs
subclavian artery
heart to arms
Renal artery
Heart to kidneys
Iliac artery
Splits from the heart to the legs
Coronary arteries
From the heart to the heart muscle
Mesentery artery
From the heart to the small intestines
Superior and inferior vena cava
From the bodies major veins to the heart
jugular vein
head to heart
Pulmonary vein
lungs to heart
Subclavian vein
arms to heart
Renal vein
Kidneys to the heart
Iliac vein
From the legs to the heart
Coronary veins
From heart muscle to the heart
Hepatic portal vein
the small intestine to the liver
The heart is a very muscular organ about the size of a ___\
fist
The _________ is the major portion of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle
Myocardium
What is the membrane covering the heart
Pericardium or a pericardial sac
double pump
the heart acts as two separate pumps the right side pumps blood to the ________ And the left side pumps blood to the ________
lungs
rest of the body
What is the thick wall that separates the two sides of the heart called
The septum
Steps of the cardiac cycle
- Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava
- Right atrium contracts forcing blood through the right atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle
- Right ventricle contracts sending blood through the pulmonary semi lunar valve into the pulmonary trunk which divides into the pulmonary arteries to the left and right lungs
- Pulmonary arteries take detox in a jaded blood to the lungs capillaries where carbon dioxide diffuses out and oxygen diffused in the blood is now oxygenated
- oxygenated blood enters the pulmonary veins which take the blood from the lungs to the left atrium
- left atrium contracts forcing through the left atrioventricular valve into the left ventricle
- Left ventricle contract sending blood through the aortic semi lunar valve into the Aorta which branches into other major arteries taking action and jaedyn bloody to the whole body
What are the two phases of a heartbeat
Atrial contractions and ventricle contractions
First phase of the heartbeat
The Atria are contracting and the ventricles are relaxing
Second phase of the heartbeat
Ventricles are contracting and the atria is relaxing
Sound of the heartbeat
The heartbeat makes the sound lub dub
and that corresponds with the sounds of the valves
lub is the closing of the AV valves
and the dub is the closing of the semi lunar valve’s
we use the term systole and diastole to describe the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle
How many times does your heartbeat per minute
70 times per minute and about 100,000 times a day
What controls the heartbeat
The heartbeat is said to be intrinsic
The heart sells beat without nerves telling them what to do
Heart has special tissue called the noodle tissue which has both muscular and nervous tissue properties
What are the two nodal regions of the heart
The SA node which is found in the upper back wall of the right atrium it is called the pacemaker because it keeps the heartbeat regular
The AV node is located at the base of the right atrium it receives the signal from the SA node and then sends a signal along to the special conducting fibres called the AV bundle located in the septum and then to the Purkinje fibres
PURKINJE fibres send electrical signals down to the ventricles causing them to contract contraction begins at the base of the heart and moves up like a wave
Regulation of the heartbeat
The heart can keep a steady be on its own but the rate of the heartbeat is under the nervous system’s control
The brain has a heart rate centre medulla oblongada
which can speed up or slow down the heart rate
factors just such as stress oxygen levels and blood pressure can affect the heart rate
What is blood pressure
Blood pressure is the pressure of the heart against the wall of a vessel
What is the pulse
A pulse is the expanding and recoiling of an arterial wall that can be felt in any major artery that runs near the surface of the body
such as the carotid artery and the radial artery
What is systolic blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure is the highest arterial pressure reach during ejection of blood from the heart which is the ventricles contracting
What is diastolic blood pressure
The lowest arterial pressure it occurs when the ventricles are relaxing
What is used to measure blood pressure
SPHYGMOMANOMETER
Why could blood pressure increase
Blood pressure can increase when doing physical activity due to the need of oxygen to the muscles
Why is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide so efficient
It has to do with the blood pressure found in the blood vessels and the osmotic pressure found in the surrounding tissue
What is osmotic pressure
It’s created by the presence of salts in the plasma proteins found in blood since there is a higher concentration
of these substances in the blood and so I make sashes then water will move into the blood from the dishes
Circulatory diseases and disorders
hypotension hypertension atherosclerosis stroke heart attack thrombus embolus varicose veins hemorrhoids phlebitis
What is hypotension
Low blood pressure
Hypertension
High blood pressure
atherosclerosis
Obstructed arteries caused by cholesterol plaque deposits
Stroke
When a portion of the carotid dies due to lack of oxygen
heart attack
When the portion of a heart dies due to lack of oxygen blocked by a coronary artery
Thrombus
Stationary clot attached to an arterial wall
Embolus
Thrombus that is dislodged and moves with the blood and eventually get stuck and blocks flow of blood in a small vessel
Varicose veins
Abnormal or a regular dilations in superficial veins especially in lower legs due to the weakened valves
Haemorrhoids
varicose in the rectum
phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
Five fetal modifications
oval opening
arterial duct
umbilical arteries
and umbilical veins
Venous ducts
Where does a fetus get it’s oxygen and nutrients
From its mother through the umbilical vein
the ______ receives blood returning from the lungs
left atrium
one of the layers found in arteries which allow them to constrict and dialate to modify blood pressure
smooth muscle
larger blood vessels which carry blood back to the heart
viens
the main part of the heart
myocardium
the chamber of the heart which receives blood from the rest of the body
right atrium
smaller vessels that carry blood away from the heart
arterioles
large vessels that carry blood away from the heart
arteries
the sound made by the heart valves during atrial contractions
LUB
oxygenated blood is found on the ______ side of the heart
LEFT
contractions in these muscles help to push blood through the veins and back to the heart
skeletal
the ___ nodeReceives a signal from the SA node and initiates ventricular contraction
AV
The heart is able to be without the control of the brain there for the heartbeat is said to be _______
INTRINSIC
Relaxation of the heart muscle lowest arterial blood pressure
DIASTOLE
The largest artery in the body
AORTA
A membranewhich surround the heart
The pericardium
Smaller blood vessels which carry blood back to the heart
venules
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the____\
lungs
__________ Circulation occurs on the right side of the heart
pulmonary
the hepatic _______ Vein takes blood from the small intestines to the liver
portal
the ______ Vena cava returns blood from the parts of the body that are below the heart
inferior
The percentage of blood in the arteries at any one time
20%
Most muscular of the heart chambers
Left ventricular
the _____ arteries and veins take blood to and from the kidneys
RENAL
The right _________ valve separates the right atrium and ventricle
Atrioventricular
________ Circulation occurs on the left side of the heart
systemic
These veins return blood from the head
jugular
the pulmonary __________ Valve prevents the backflow of the blood as the right ventricle contracts to pump blood to the lungs
semi lunar
_________Pressure is created by the presence of salts and plasma proteins found in the blood
osmotic
the _________ artery takes blood from the heart to the small intestine
mesentary
the __ node of knows as the pace maker as it initiates the heart beat
SA
The expansion of the blood pressure during systole
pulse
The substance tend to move into the cells on the______ side of the capillaries
arterial
The number of layers of tissues in arteries
3
A device used for measuring blood pressure
SPHYGMOMANOMETER
___________ is lowest in the venules and veins
blood pressure
The type of muscle found in the heart
cardiac muscle
the ________ arteries carry blood to the head
carotid
Substances tend to move out of the cells into the blood on the ________side of the capillaries
VEANUS
Structures in veins which prevent backflow of blood
valves
Tiny blood vessels which deliver nutrients to individual cells
Capillaries
the _________ vena cava
Returns blood from the parts of the body that are above the heart
superior
the wall which divides the two sides of the heart
septum
these arteries and veins take blood to and from the arms
subclavian
Another name for the left atrioventricular valve
BICUSPID
the _______ arteries take blood to the heart
coronary
_____ _____ Is affected by stress
oxygen levels
exercise
and blood pressure
heart rate
Total cross-section area of the blood vessels is the highest in the______ beds
capillary
the ______ fibers carry the electrical signal down to the ventricles to initiate contraction
PURKINJE
the aorta divides into the _____ arteries in the pelvic region
ILIAC
These muscles can contract to stop the blood flow to capillary beds in certain areas of the body
SPHINCTER
Capillaries are only ___ cell layer thick in order to allow the most efficient transport of materials across the walls
ONE
the aortic ____ is where the blood first leaves the left ventricle
ARCH
One of the layers found in the arteries which allows them to “stretch” during a pulse
ELASTIN
