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biology 12 > biochemistry > Flashcards

biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

characteristics of polysaccharides

A

many monosaccharides bonded together

dehydration synthesis changes monomers to polymers

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2
Q

types of polysaccharides

A

starch
cellulose
glycogen

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3
Q

starch

A

alpha linkage
storage molecule in plants
few branches

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4
Q

cellulose

A

beta linkage
indigestible
structural molecule in plants
straight chain

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5
Q

glycogen

A

alpha linkage
many branches
storage molecule in animals

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6
Q

carbohydrate functions

A 
energy production (glucose)
energy storage in plants and animals(starch in plants and glycogen in animals)

structural builds cell wall as in plants

cell membrane markers(receptors)

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7
Q

lipid characteristics

A

insoluble in water
waxy, oily
contain C, H, and O with a H:O ratio much larger than 2:1

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8
Q

lipid functions

A

long term energy storage in fat tissue

insulation around major organs

structural in cell membranes

hormones: cholesterol, sex hormones

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9
Q

common types of lipids

A

fatty acids

neutral fats

phospholipids

steroids

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10
Q

fatty acids

A

16-18 carbons with the acid group at the end

two types

UNsaturated- double bonds, e.g. oils and margarine

SATURATED- no double bonds, solids, butter

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11
Q

neutral fats

A

formed from glycerol plus fatty acids

monoglyceride- one fatty acid and glycerol
diglyceride-two fatty acids
triglyceride-three fatty acids

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12
Q

phospholipids

A

formed by replacing one fatty acid in a triglyceride with a PHOSPHATE containing group

this causes the molecule to be POLAR which is hydrophilic (likes water)

and the tail part to be NON-polar and hydrophobic

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13
Q

steroids

A

FOUR CARBON RINGS

e.g. sex hormones(estrogen and testosterone) and cholesterol(insoluble, blocks arteries)

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14
Q

emulsifiers

A

SOAP

made from a base and a fat

it is non polar at one end and attracts fat and polar at the other end so it attracts water

they great a large glob of fat into smaller droplets increasing surface area of the fat so it can be further broken down

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15
Q

nucleic acid function

A

nucleic acid‘s are chemicals which carry hereditary or genetic information example DNA or RNA

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16
Q

nucleic acid structure

A

nucleic acid‘s are huge macromolecule - compounds that are polymers of nucleotides

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17
Q

DNA/deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA makes up chromosomes and genes

it controls all activities including cell division and proteins synthesis

DNA also undergoes mutations which are important to the process of evolution

DNA has a double helix structure and is made up of the nucleotides guanine cytosine adenine and thymine

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18
Q

RNA/ribonucleic acid

A

words with DNA to direct protein synthesis

made from nucleotides

HAS URASIL

5 nucleotides

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19
Q

DNA and RNA structures

A

DNA and RNA or polymers of nucleotides that form a dehydration synthesis between nucleotides

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20
Q

nucleotide structure

A

nucleotides consist of a five carbon sugar(pentose, ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate and a nitrogen containing base which may have one or two rings

4 different nucleotides in DNA

The sequence of these nucleotides is the genetic code

RNA has one different nucleotide for a total of five different nucleotides

ATP(adenosine triphosphate) is also an important nucleotide which is not a part of the nucleic acid it is ENERGY CURRENCY in the cell

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21
Q

________ Is the study of carbon compounds

A

organic chemistry

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22
Q

it is said that life on earth is ______

A

carbon based

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23
Q

A polymer made up of many amino acids join together

A

polypeptides

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24
Q

A fatty acid which has no double bonds between carbon atoms is called

A

saturated

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25
Q

soap is one type of _________which are substances which help break large fat droplets into small fat droplets to help them mix with water

A

emulsifier

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26
Q

nucleic nucleic acid which is a single strand

A

RNA

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27
Q

this process breaks between subunits in organic polymers

A

hydrolysis

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28
Q

The carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of plants is called??

A

cellulose

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29
Q

Another name for fat

A

lipid

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30
Q

The storage form of carbohydrates and plants

A

starch

31
Q

acidity is created by an excess of_______ ions in the solution

A

hydrogen

32
Q

heavy _____ can alter the three-dimensional shape of a protein

A

metals

33
Q

A nucleotide is made up of a ______ a pentose and a nitrogenous base

A

phosphate

34
Q

A pH above 7.0 was considered?

A

basic

35
Q

This element common and living organisms conform up to four bonds with other substances

A

carbon

36
Q

Forms went to glucose molecules are joined together

A

maltose

37
Q

______ are lipids which contain 4 rings in their structure

A

steroids

38
Q

nucleic acid with a double helix shape

A

DNA

39
Q

_____ bonds are strong

A

covalent

40
Q

6 carbon sugar

A

hexose

41
Q

the subunit which makes up nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

42
Q

5 carbon sugar

A

pentose

43
Q

pH below 7.0

A

Acidic

44
Q

pH of exactly 7.0

A

neutral

45
Q

This level of protein structure can either be at Alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet

A

secondary

46
Q

A carbohydrate made up of many subunits

A

Polysaccharide

47
Q

A fatty acid which contains at least one double bond between carbon atoms is called

A

Unsaturated

48
Q

this level of protein structure is the sequence of the amino acids that make up the proteins

A

Primary

49
Q

How many different kinds of amino acids exist

A

20

50
Q

Carbohydrates provide us with?

A

energy

51
Q

this special kind of nucleotide which is used to transmit energy within living organisms

A

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

52
Q

compounds with your primarily made up of carbon hydrogen and oxygen are called

A

organic compounds

53
Q

A proteins three-dimensional shape is extremely important in order for it to??

A

function properly

54
Q

_________Or a type of lipid that make up a significant portion of the cell membrane

A

phospholipids

55
Q

water is a good solvent because it’s molecules are ______- having a slight + and - charge

A

POLAR

56
Q

A disaccharide formed when a glucose and fructose molecule join together

A

sucrose

57
Q

A carbohydrate made up of only one subunit

A

Monosaccharide

58
Q

This process crates bonds between subunits in organic polymers

A

Dehydration synthesis

59
Q

Excessive ______ can cause a pro Tien to lose its three dimensional shape

A

heat

60
Q

The term for a protein losing its three dimensional

A

Dénaturation

61
Q

The subunit that makes up polypeptides

A

amino acids

62
Q

A 2 to 1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is a characteristic of?

A

carbohydrate molecule

63
Q

A neutral fat that contains glycerol and only one fatty acid chain would be a??

A

monoglyceride

64
Q

A substance which helps to hold the pH of a solution is called

A

a buffer

65
Q

The type of carbohydrate only use in your cells

A

glucose

66
Q

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance

A

PH levels

67
Q

A carbohydrate made up of two subunits

A

Disaccharide

68
Q

Hydrogen bonds are _____ bonds

A

weak

69
Q

this level of protein structure occurs when two or more proteins join with each other to form a larger proteins structure

A

quaternary

70
Q

A molecule made up of two amino acids join together

A

dipeptide

71
Q

This level of protein structure occurs when the pro team begins to fold upon itself creating a 3-D shape

A

Tertiary

72
Q

The storage form of carbohydrate and animals

A

glycogen

73
Q

sequence of 3 atoms which is a characteristic of an amino acid

A

N-C-C

biology 12 (8 decks)

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