biochemistry Flashcards
characteristics of polysaccharides
many monosaccharides bonded together
dehydration synthesis changes monomers to polymers
types of polysaccharides
starch
cellulose
glycogen
starch
alpha linkage
storage molecule in plants
few branches
cellulose
beta linkage
indigestible
structural molecule in plants
straight chain
glycogen
alpha linkage
many branches
storage molecule in animals
carbohydrate functions
energy production (glucose) energy storage in plants and animals(starch in plants and glycogen in animals)
structural builds cell wall as in plants
cell membrane markers(receptors)
lipid characteristics
insoluble in water
waxy, oily
contain C, H, and O with a H:O ratio much larger than 2:1
lipid functions
long term energy storage in fat tissue
insulation around major organs
structural in cell membranes
hormones: cholesterol, sex hormones
common types of lipids
fatty acids
neutral fats
phospholipids
steroids
fatty acids
16-18 carbons with the acid group at the end
two types
UNsaturated- double bonds, e.g. oils and margarine
SATURATED- no double bonds, solids, butter
neutral fats
formed from glycerol plus fatty acids
monoglyceride- one fatty acid and glycerol
diglyceride-two fatty acids
triglyceride-three fatty acids
phospholipids
formed by replacing one fatty acid in a triglyceride with a PHOSPHATE containing group
this causes the molecule to be POLAR which is hydrophilic (likes water)
and the tail part to be NON-polar and hydrophobic
steroids
FOUR CARBON RINGS
e.g. sex hormones(estrogen and testosterone) and cholesterol(insoluble, blocks arteries)
emulsifiers
SOAP
made from a base and a fat
it is non polar at one end and attracts fat and polar at the other end so it attracts water
they great a large glob of fat into smaller droplets increasing surface area of the fat so it can be further broken down
nucleic acid function
nucleic acid‘s are chemicals which carry hereditary or genetic information example DNA or RNA
nucleic acid structure
nucleic acid‘s are huge macromolecule - compounds that are polymers of nucleotides
DNA/deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA makes up chromosomes and genes
it controls all activities including cell division and proteins synthesis
DNA also undergoes mutations which are important to the process of evolution
DNA has a double helix structure and is made up of the nucleotides guanine cytosine adenine and thymine
RNA/ribonucleic acid
words with DNA to direct protein synthesis
made from nucleotides
HAS URASIL
5 nucleotides
DNA and RNA structures
DNA and RNA or polymers of nucleotides that form a dehydration synthesis between nucleotides
nucleotide structure
nucleotides consist of a five carbon sugar(pentose, ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate and a nitrogen containing base which may have one or two rings
4 different nucleotides in DNA
The sequence of these nucleotides is the genetic code
RNA has one different nucleotide for a total of five different nucleotides
ATP(adenosine triphosphate) is also an important nucleotide which is not a part of the nucleic acid it is ENERGY CURRENCY in the cell
________ Is the study of carbon compounds
organic chemistry
it is said that life on earth is ______
carbon based
A polymer made up of many amino acids join together
polypeptides
A fatty acid which has no double bonds between carbon atoms is called
saturated
soap is one type of _________which are substances which help break large fat droplets into small fat droplets to help them mix with water
emulsifier
nucleic nucleic acid which is a single strand
RNA
this process breaks between subunits in organic polymers
hydrolysis
The carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of plants is called??
cellulose
Another name for fat
lipid
The storage form of carbohydrates and plants
starch
acidity is created by an excess of_______ ions in the solution
hydrogen
heavy _____ can alter the three-dimensional shape of a protein
metals
A nucleotide is made up of a ______ a pentose and a nitrogenous base
phosphate
A pH above 7.0 was considered?
basic
This element common and living organisms conform up to four bonds with other substances
carbon
Forms went to glucose molecules are joined together
maltose
______ are lipids which contain 4 rings in their structure
steroids
nucleic acid with a double helix shape
DNA
_____ bonds are strong
covalent
6 carbon sugar
hexose
the subunit which makes up nucleic acids
nucleotides
5 carbon sugar
pentose
pH below 7.0
Acidic
pH of exactly 7.0
neutral
This level of protein structure can either be at Alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet
secondary
A carbohydrate made up of many subunits
Polysaccharide
A fatty acid which contains at least one double bond between carbon atoms is called
Unsaturated
this level of protein structure is the sequence of the amino acids that make up the proteins
Primary
How many different kinds of amino acids exist
20
Carbohydrates provide us with?
energy
this special kind of nucleotide which is used to transmit energy within living organisms
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
compounds with your primarily made up of carbon hydrogen and oxygen are called
organic compounds
A proteins three-dimensional shape is extremely important in order for it to??
function properly
_________Or a type of lipid that make up a significant portion of the cell membrane
phospholipids
water is a good solvent because it’s molecules are ______- having a slight + and - charge
POLAR
A disaccharide formed when a glucose and fructose molecule join together
sucrose
A carbohydrate made up of only one subunit
Monosaccharide
This process crates bonds between subunits in organic polymers
Dehydration synthesis
Excessive ______ can cause a pro Tien to lose its three dimensional shape
heat
The term for a protein losing its three dimensional
Dénaturation
The subunit that makes up polypeptides
amino acids
A 2 to 1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is a characteristic of?
carbohydrate molecule
A neutral fat that contains glycerol and only one fatty acid chain would be a??
monoglyceride
A substance which helps to hold the pH of a solution is called
a buffer
The type of carbohydrate only use in your cells
glucose
A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance
PH levels
A carbohydrate made up of two subunits
Disaccharide
Hydrogen bonds are _____ bonds
weak
this level of protein structure occurs when two or more proteins join with each other to form a larger proteins structure
quaternary
A molecule made up of two amino acids join together
dipeptide
This level of protein structure occurs when the pro team begins to fold upon itself creating a 3-D shape
Tertiary
The storage form of carbohydrate and animals
glycogen
sequence of 3 atoms which is a characteristic of an amino acid
N-C-C
