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Zootech 102 > Proteins, Metabolism > Flashcards

Proteins, Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

are used for anabolic purposes such as synthesis of nonessential amino acids, tissue protein synthesis, enzyme or hormone synthesis, deamination, or transamination.

A

Absorbed proteins

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2
Q

Amino acid synthesis and degradation are brought about by two reactions called ? that occur in the liver.

A

transamination and deamination

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3
Q

is the major site of amino acid metabolism

A

liver

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4
Q

is responsible for nonessential amino acid synthesis

A

transaminases

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5
Q

The liver has enzymes such as transaminases and is responsible for nonessential amino acid synthesis through a process called

A

transamination

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6
Q

An amino group from one amino acid is transferred to an ? to form a new amino acid

A

organic acid

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7
Q

is needed for transaminase activity (transamination)

A

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

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8
Q

Transamination also provides a link between?

A
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9
Q

Transamination also provides a link between protein and carbohydrate metabolism, where certain amino acids can use their C skeleton for?

A

glucose synthesis

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10
Q

is the removal of amino groups from amino acids to form ammonia

A

Deamination

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11
Q

deamination needed for getting rid of nitrogen from the animal’s body

A
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12
Q

After deamination or transamination, this part of amino acid are left and are used for making glucose, ketone bodies, or energy production.

A

C skeleton

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13
Q

is a chemical reaction that transfers an amino group to a keto acid to form new amino acids.

A

Transamination

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14
Q

All amino acids, except ?, are glucogenic, meaning that they can use the C skeleton for glucose synthesis.

A

leucine and lysine

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15
Q

are strictly ketogenic amino acids (forms ketone bodies) and can provide acetyl CoA as an energy source.

A

Leucine and lysine

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16
Q

Since both carbons of acetyl CoA are lost in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, it cannot provide?

A

glucose

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17
Q

is liberated from amino acid degradation is toxic to the central nervous and needs to be excreted or detoxified.

A

ammonia

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18
Q

Most mammals detoxify ammonia and excrete it as ? in the urine

A

urea

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19
Q

birds excrete ammonia as?

A

uric acid

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20
Q

Detoxification of ammonia to urea is through the?

A

urea cycle

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21
Q

The detoxification of ammonia to form urea is brought about by the urea cycle through two tissues?

A

liver and kidney

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22
Q

Two nonprotein amino acids involved in the urea cycle are?

A

ornithine and citrulline

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23
Q

The first step in the urea cycle is the formation of?

A

carbamoyl phosphate

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24
Q

What reacts with a compound called carbamoyl phosphate and forms citrulline.

A

Ornithine

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25
Q

Ornithine reacts with a compound called carbamoyl phosphate and forms?

A

citrulline

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26
Q

Citrulline is easily enters cytosol and reacts with ?, forming argininosuccinate (2 ATP needed).

A

aspartate

27
Q

Citrulline is easily enters cytosol and reacts with aspartate, forming?

A

argininosuccinate

28
Q

Citrulline is easily permeable and gets into the cytosol and reacts with aspartate, forming argininosuccinate (how many ATP needed).

A

2

29
Q

cleaves argininosuccinate into arginine and fumarate

A

argininosuccinate lyase

30
Q

fumarate enters?

A

TCA cycle

31
Q

Arginine is lysed into ? and splits urea off

A

ornithine

32
Q

can be a nonessential amino acid but not available for protein synthesis.

A

arginine

33
Q

Is synthesized by the kidney from citrulline

A

Arginine

34
Q

The liver breaks down arginine into?

A

urea and ornithine.

35
Q

cannot synthesize carbamoyl phosphate and hence they cannot make urea.

A

Poultry

36
Q

Instead, glutamic acid, glycine, and methionine are used for?

A

uric acid synthesis

37
Q

need high levels of methionine, arginine, and glycine in their diet for optimum production.

A

poultry

38
Q

the formation of urea through the urea cycle is dependent on?

A

ATP dependent

39
Q

the formation of urea through the urea cycle is ATP dependent, feeding animals poor quality or excess protein is energy demanding and can lead to?

A

environmental problems

40
Q

Question: What is the substance produced in the rumen that travels to the liver?

A

Ammonia (NH3).

41
Q

Through which blood vessel does ammonia travel to the liver?

A

Portal vein

42
Q

What process converts ammonia into urea in the liver?

A

Urea cycle.

43
Q

Where does urea go after being produced in the liver?

A

bloodstream

44
Q

What are the two possible destinations for urea after it enters the bloodstream?

A

It can be excreted in urine or sent back to the digestive tract.

45
Q

This type of synthesis occurs in every tissue of the body

A

Protein synthesis

46
Q

Protein synthesis lies ultimately in the?

A

genetic code.

47
Q

DNA and RNS consist of?

A

Nucleotides

48
Q

contains the genetic code of the animal and is the blueprint of protein synthesis

A

DNA

49
Q

DNA controls the formation of?

A

RNA

50
Q

Types of RNA:

A
  • Messenger RNA
  • Transfer RNA
  • Ribosomal RNA
51
Q

All types of RNA are involved in?

A

protein synthesis

52
Q

is the part of the structure of ribosomes, which has three base codons that code for amino acids (site of protein formation).

A

Ribosomal RNA

53
Q

picks up specific amino acids from cytoplasm and transports it to the ribosomes (workbench where proteins are made).

A

Transfer RNA

54
Q

acts like an adapter during protein synthesis.

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

55
Q

Each tRNA carries a specific?

A

amino acid

56
Q

determines the sequence of amino acids (translation) in the protein formed.

A

Messenger RNA

57
Q

Both messenger RNA (mRNA) and tRNA are produced from the?

A

DNA template

58
Q

The synthesis of each protein is controlled by a different

A

mRNA

59
Q

As the peptide chain is formed, an cannot be formed, which limits the peptide chain formation and protein synthesis

A

empty space

60
Q

All 20 amino acids are needed for?

A

protein synthesis

61
Q

is a dynamic process involving continuous and simultaneous protein synthesis and protein degradation.

A

Protein turnover

62
Q

Constant turnovers of proteins in the body and the loss of proteins, mainly in feces, are the basis for?

A

protein requirement

63
Q

Even when an animal is not growing, it still has?

A

protein requirement

64
Q

needed in the diet depends on age, physiological (e.g., pregnancy, lactation) and pathological status, and quality of the protein supplied.

A

amount of protein

Zootech 102 (12 decks)

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