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Zootech 102 > Proteins, Digestion and Absorption > Flashcards

Proteins, Digestion and Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

is the process by which ingested feed is broken down physically and chemically to simple products for absorption from the digestive tract.

A

Digestion

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2
Q

involves the denaturing of peptide bonds and the release of free amino acids.

A

Protein digestion

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3
Q

Protein-digesting enzymes are either?

A

endopeptidase or exopeptidase

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4
Q

This enzyme break peptide bonds within the primary structure into smaller fragments.

A

Endopeptidases

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5
Q

This enzyme cleave amino acids off the terminal end of the protein molecule.

A

Exopeptidases

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6
Q

This enzyme remove an amino acid from the end with a free carboxyl group

A

Carboxypeptidases

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7
Q

This enzyme act on the terminal amino acid with a free amino group.

A

aminopeptidase

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8
Q

Protein digestion begins in the?

A

stomach

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9
Q

This hormone, initiates the breakdown of proteins in the stomach.

A

Gastrin

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10
Q

presence of food in the stomach leads to the secretion of ? by the chief cells of the gastric mucosa.

A

pepsinogen

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11
Q

The presence of food in the stomach leads to the secretion of pepsinogen by ? of the gastric mucosa

A

the chief cells

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12
Q

This pepsinogen turns into ?, which is active, thanks to hydrochloric acid (HCl) made by another type of cell called parietal cells.

A

pepsin

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13
Q

This pepsinogen turns into pepsin, which is active, thanks to?

A

hydrochloric acid (HCl) made by parietal cells.

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14
Q

What type of enzyme is pepsin?

A

Endopeptidase

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15
Q

In young animals, what enzyme is released in the stomach to help clot milk, making it easier to move into the small intestine.

A

rennin

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16
Q

the second stage of protein digestion occurs in the?

A

small intestine

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17
Q

is a hormone released in the small intestine (duodenum) that stimulates the pancreas to release certain enzymes

A

Secretin

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18
Q

Secretin is a hormone released in the small intestine (duodenum) that stimulates the pancreas to release certain enzymes, what are does inactivate form of enzymes?

A

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase

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19
Q

Another substance in the duodenum called ? activates trypsinogen, turning it into trypsin

A

enterokinase

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20
Q

Another substance in the duodenum called enterokinase activates trypsinogen, turning it into?

A

trypsin

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21
Q

After activation of trypsin it then then converts chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase to their active forms which are?

A

chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase.

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22
Q

What is the activated enzyme that plays a very crucial role in protein digestion in the small intestine?

A

Trypsin

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23
Q

Digestion is finished off by other enzymes including ? from mucosal membranes.

A

aminopeptidases and dipeptidases

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24
Q

absorption of proteins is facilitated by the?

A

villi within the small intestine into the bloodstream

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25
Q

Proteins that are transported via active transport, requiring energy, and use of sodium as a kind of cotransported molecule

A

Normal free proteins

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26
Q

Protein that use a direct transport method that does not require energy.

A

Whole proteins

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27
Q

These organic compounds are the main type absorbed into the bloodstream

A

Free amino acids

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28
Q

small chains of amino acids, like ?can also be taken in the circulatory system

A

di-, tri-, and oligopeptides

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29
Q

are specific to different types of amino acids based on their characteristics, like whether they are neutral, basic, or acidic, and whether they are large or small.

A

Carrier proteins

30
Q

When our body absorbs amino acids, it prefers the ? over D-forms.

A

L-forms (the natural ones)

31
Q

could be used for tissue protein, enzyme, and hormone synthesis and deamination or transamination, and the carbon skeleton can be used for energy.

A

Absorbed amino acids

32
Q

in the hindgut are subjected to microbial fermentation leading to the production of ammonia and other polyamines.

A

Undigested proteins

33
Q

in ruminant animals, dietary proteins are classified as?

A

rumen degradable and rumen undegradable proteins

34
Q

In ruminants (like cows), the microbes in their stomach use proteins as a source of?

A

nitrogen

35
Q

Microbes need nitrogen to build their own?

A

microbial protein

36
Q

Microbes do not “care” where the nitrogen sources come from and can use nonprotein nitrogenous substances such as urea for?

A

microbial protein synthesis

37
Q

is 100% degradable in the rumen by microbial urease (can be toxic at higher levels).

A

Urea

38
Q

Urea is 100% degradable in the rumen by microbial called?

A

urease

39
Q

Protein entering the rumen may be degraded by both bacteria and protozoa, which produce?

A

proteolytic enzymes

40
Q

The rumen microbes provide ? to cleave peptide bonds in polypeptides to release the free amino acids from proteins.

A

proteases and peptidases

41
Q

Several factors such as solubility and the physical structure of protein can affect?

A

rumen degradation

42
Q

These rumen-degraded amino acids release NH3 and the C skeleton by a process called?

A

deamination

43
Q

synthesize their own microbial protein

A

rumen microbes

44
Q

which serves as a primary source of protein to the host ruminant animals.

A

microbial protein

45
Q

is enough for maintenance and survival but not for high-producing animals.

A

Microbial protein

46
Q

Ammonia absorbed from rumen is converted to urea and secreted into the blood as?

A

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

47
Q

can be filtered and recycled to the rumen via saliva or through the rumen wall

A

Urea

48
Q

The concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in ruminants reflects the efficiency of?

A

protein utilization.

49
Q

Not all proteins are degraded in the

A

rumen

50
Q

Proteins that are not degraded by rumen microbes are called?

A

escaped, “bypassed,” or “undegradable” (rumen undegradable protein, RUP)

51
Q

have a low rumen degradation rates (e.g. proteins in corn).

A

escaped, “bypassed,” or “undegradable” (rumen undegradable protein, RUP)

52
Q

“bypassed,” or “undegradable” (rumen undegradable protein, RUP) enters the ? of the ruminant animal for digestion and absorption

A

abomasum and small intestine

53
Q

Proteins reaching the small intestine could be

A

RUP or microbial proteins

54
Q

The amino acid needs of the host animal are met by?

A

RUP and microbial proteins.

55
Q

cannot be stored within the body, so a constant dietary supply of it is necessary

A

amino acids

56
Q

Monogastric or Ruminants: The amino acid profile in the small intestine matches their diet.

A

Monogastric

57
Q

Monogastric or Ruminants: The amino acid profile in the small intestine is different from their diet.

A

Ruminants

58
Q

Monogastric or Ruminants: They cannot improve low-quality dietary protein.

A

Monogastric

59
Q

Monogastric or Ruminants: They can upgrade low-quality dietary protein.

A

Ruminants

60
Q

Monogastric or Ruminants: High-quality protein remains high-quality after digestion.

A

Monogastric

61
Q

Monogastric or Ruminants: High-quality protein can become lower in quality after digestion.

A

Ruminants

62
Q

Monogastric or Ruminants: They cannot use non-protein nitrogen sources like urea.

A

Monogastric

63
Q

Monogastric or Ruminants: They can use non-protein nitrogen sources like urea.

A

Ruminants

64
Q

Monogastric or Ruminants: A constant supply of amino acids is required for their bodily functions.

A

Both

65
Q

Among the cereal grains, this grains contain has the highest bypass potential. However, it should be noted that it is deficient in essential amino acids such as lysine and methionine.

A

corn

66
Q

Which essential amino acids are deficient in corn?

A

Lysine and methionine.

67
Q

Name two animal protein sources with high bypass potential.

A

Fish meal and meat meal.

68
Q

What processing methods increase the bypass potential of feed?

A

Drying forages and heat treatment

69
Q

tend to denature the feed protein due to the generation of heat, thereby “protecting” the protein from lysis in the rumen.

A

Feed processing methods

70
Q

sources that remain intact in the rumen and dissolve in the abomasum are commercially available.

A

Rumen protected protein

Zootech 102 (12 decks)

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